1. East Africa: Swahili Culture & Commerce East Africa traded with Arabs, Indonesians & Indians for centuries 8 th century on, Islamic influence spread southward, less inland Arabs called region land of the “Zanj” (blacks) or “Zanzibar” Conversion slow & coastal, mosques in ports (LEFT: modern Mogadishu, Somalia mosque)

2. Swahili Civilization Region tied together by common language called “Swahili” from Arabic word “coastlands” Conglomerate of Bantu & Arabic Culture also a blend Apogee of Swahili ports 14 th - 15 th centuries, stone mosques, fortress-palaces, fortifications, residences Export mainly ivory, gold, slaves, pearls, ebony for cloth, porcelain, glass, glazed pottery

3. Portuguese & Omanis of Zanzibar Portuguese arrival in east caused widespread economic decline Portuguese saw “Moors” as enemies Tried to gain influence in fortified coastal ports Arabian state of Oman raided African coast & ejected Portuguese Omanis home base port of Zanzibar (island) Cloves major export (internal slavery) Omanis sultans gave way to independence, then British, Germans & Italians

4. SE Africa: “Great Zimbabwe” 600-1500 civilization Rocky, savannah woodland region Founded by Bantu-speaking Shona people Isolated from Islamic influence Large prosperous state, lasting ruins of capital known as “Great Zimbabwe” Massive stone complexes & walls  sophisticated & wealthy, trade with China, Syria & Persia Involvement in gold trade, rest of empire agricultural Zimbabwe empire flowered due to population growth, improved farming & animal husbandry techniques, increasing gold trade

5. Portuguese in SE Africa Portuguese arrival was catastrophic Main goal was gold trade Gold production was small Destroyed Swahili control, led to local instability, creation of quasi-tribal chiefdoms led by mixed-blood landholders (prazeros)

6. Cape Colony of South Africa 1 st Dutch East India Company begins colony in 1652, way station between Netherlands & India Became settler community  Afrikaners of modern South Africa (LEFT: Jan van Riebeeck of DEI Co) (BELOW: Dutch Reformed Church in Cape Colony)

7. Cape Colony Native Khoikhoi people were pastoralists, displaced by settlers & then Dutch military by 1670s Khoikhoi became colonial wage laborers Slaves brought from southern trade routes (India, East Africa, Madagascar)  societal divisions white, colored, blacks Nomadic white livestock farmers, Trekboers, moved further inland, used “commando” force to take Khoikhoi land

8. Cape Colonial Society 18 th century Cape society composed of Dutch, Afrikaners, Khoikhoi, slaves Laws to check mixing, but still occurred Afrikaans, new vernacular language of Dutch colonials After 1795 British takeover as colonials, Apartheid doctrine already had base (LEFT: British colonial map)