1. participle clauses

2. We can use a present or past participle in a clause which has an adverbial meaning.
The clauses can be about TIME, REASON, and RESULTS
Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry. (When she opened her eyes…)
Faced with a bill for €10,000, John has taken on a second job.
Being imported, the radios were more expensive.
Having been hunted close to extinction, the rhino is once again common in this area.
They can replace a non-defining relative clause.
Feeling tired, Louise went to be early. (Louise, who was feeling tired,…)
Formed 25 years ago, the club is holding an anniversary party.
In the negative…
Not wanting to wake her, Steve left the house silently.
Preferring not to go out that night, I made an excuse.

3. The implied subject is usually the same as the subject of the main clause
Arriving at the party, we saw Ruth standing alone.
Having wanted to drive a train all his life, he knew that this was an opportunity not to be missed.

4. Clauses that give information about TIME
Glancing over his shoulder, he could see the dog chasing him.
Having completed the book, he went on holiday.
Putting on a serious face, she began to tella story.
‘Wait a minute!’, said Frank, running through the hall.
Having driven for five hours, Dan found out that the meeting had been postponed.
Taking off his shoes / Having taken off his shoes, Ray walked into the house.

5. Clauses that give information about REASONS and RESULTS.
Knowing exactly what I wanted, I didn’t spend much time shopping.
Being slim, he could squeeze through the opening in the fence.
Having been invited to the party, we could hardly refuse to go.

6. Rewrite the sentences beginning with an –ing or past participle clause
Marie left work early because she didn’t feel too well.
The manager was impressed by Jo’s work so he extended so he extended her contract for a year.
He had acquired the money through hard work, so he was reluctant to give it away.
Because he had started the course, Alan was determined to complete it.
As he didn’t want to offend him, we said nothing about his paintings.
As I haven’t seen all the evidence, I am reluctant to make a judgment.

7. Put the quoted speech first, and use an –ing clause.
As I grabbed Don by the arm, I said, ‘Look it’s Tim’s new car!’
As she pointed to the empty table, Sandra said, ‘My bag was here just a moment ago!’
As she turned over in bed, Helen groaned, “I’ll get up in an hour or so.’

8. …….. the wrong bus, Tony found himself in an unfamiliar town.
Use these verbs in the following sentences: arrive climb spend take work
…….. the wrong bus, Tony found himself in an unfamiliar town.
…….. a tree, Lee was able to see a way out of the forest.
…….. as a clerk, house painter, and bus driver, neil decided to go back to university.
…….. all morning working in the garden, Betty took a short lunch break.
……. early for his appointment, Ron spent some time looking at the magazines.

9. Match the sentence halves and form new sentences with participle clauses.
She was a doctor
I didn’t expect anyone to be in the house
The room had been painted in dark colours
Dave was unemployed
I don’t speak Italian
Barbara had been a teacher for 14 years
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she knew how to keep children interested.
I found life in Sicily difficult.
I walked straight in.
she knew the side effects the medicine could have.
he had time to consider what ob he really wanted.
the room needed some bright lights.