1. Participle Clauses Verb -ing

2. 1 After certain time conjunctions: after/before/when/while/despite/on When I met him, I didn’t like him.  On meeting him, I didn’t like him. (the same time) I spoke to him and then I felt better.  I felt better after speaking to him. (different times) When do we use the Present Participle..

3. 2 A participle must have the same subject as the verb in the main clause. Because he was injured, he couldn’t continue the match.  Being injured, he couldn’t continue the match.

4. 3To replace clauses of…  CONTRAST & CONCESSION – use while, in spite of, despite Although I understand your problem, I can’t allow you to break the rules.  While/In spite of/ Despite understanding your problem, I can’t allow you to break the rules.

5. To replace clauses of…  RESULT – the action that comes first is written first. (so+ clause) She was scared of the dark so she switched on all the lights.  Being scared of the dark, she switched on all the lights. …………………………  He left the room, crying.

6. To replace clauses of…  REASON – as/because/since We left early because we wanted to catch the last train.  Wanting to catch the last train, we left early.

7.  to replace AND + coordinate clause I stood in the garden and watched the children.  I stood in the garden, watching the children. (the same time) I switched off the light and tried to get some sleep. (different times)  Switching off the light, I tried to get some sleep.

8.  Perfect participle (having + past participle) – when we want to emphasise that one action happened before another She had lost her ticket, she couldn’t get into the concert.  Having lost her ticket, she couldn’t get into the concert. I’d made a decision and I was anxious to act on it.  Having made a decision, I was anxious to act on it.