1. The French Revolution "Radical" Phase: 1792-1795 Special Fonts:
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Black Chancery
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2. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee
June, 1791
The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border
Causes Great Anger Amongst the 3rd Estate
Why?

3. Austria and Prussia Threaten French Revolutionaries with War
Why?
When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!
Foreign Royals (Declaration of Pillnitz) “If the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!!”
FRANCE
AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT RUSSIA PORTUGAL

4. Radicalization!!!

5. Why a Radicalization? Constitutional monarchy is no longer practical
In a time of war, moderation can be easily interpreted as …
…treason!
Also, upon writing the Constitution, the National Assembly had dissolved itself, in an Enlightenment attempt to show that they were not trying to wrest control for themselves. New elections for legislative assembly .However, the time elections take place after the king’s flight. Radicals elected.

6. The Storming of the Tuilieres: August 9-10, 1792
Urban Workers Come Looking for The King’s Head

7. The September Massacres, 1792
Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.
It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

8. Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.
The Sans-Culottes
Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

9. No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!
The Radical’s Arms:
No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

10. Radical Actions of the Legislative Assembly
Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.
The Year I of the French Republic.
it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments
‘if kings try to crush the revolution by inciting war against us, then we will incite a war of people against kings’

11. The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House Started as a debating society.
Membership mostly middle class, but very radical… claimed to represent the urban poor.
Large number of them in legislative assembly

12. The Plain (swing votes) Montagnards (“The Mountain”)
There Was A Divide in the National Convention Between Liberals and Radicals
TODAY:
1790s:
The Plain (swing votes)
Montagnards (“The Mountain”)
Girondists
Jacobins

13. Louis XVI as a Pig For the Mountain, the king was a traitor.
The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].

14. Marie Antoinette as a Serpent
The “Widow Capet”

15. Radical Jacobin Triumph
Call on the sans-culottes for support and literally arrest and execute a large number of the Girondin leaders

16. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)
The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents.
They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention.
The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

17. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

18. Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

19. France Becomes a ‘Republic’
Committee of Public Safety
Given dictatorial power to ‘save the Revolution’
Kinda makes sense with all the chaos and the desperation of France’s situation in the European wars, but pretty darn ironic, too

20. Maximillian Robespierre
“If the spring of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the springs of popular government in revolution are at once virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, without which virtue is powerless.” — Robespierre

21. Let terror be the order of the day! -- Robespierre
The Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre
Let terror be the order of the day! -- Robespierre
Robespierre vows to save the revolution at all costs
What is the sacrifice of an individual for the good of France?
Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.
The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000!

22. The Irony of the Guillotine

23. The “Monster” Guillotine
The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

24. Different Social Classes Executed7% 8%
28%
25%
31%

25. Legislation Passed by the National Convention
Price Controls on Food
Bread of equality
In other words, the Committee on Public Safety is starting to offer Equality of ______________
Early SOCIALISM!!!

26. An army based on merit, not birth! French Army Starts Winning!
The Levee en Masse: An Entire Nation at Arms! – Over 1 Million Soldiers
Conscript forces
Less training given
Less need to use massed infantry to ensure that soldiers don’t desert during battles… why?
An army based on merit, not birth!
French Army Starts Winning!

27. To a Certain Degree, the French Fight Better Because They Are Fighting For Themselves
“The young men shall go to battle and the married men shall forge arms. The women shall make tents and clothes, and shall serve in the hospitals; children shall tear rags into lint. The old men will be guided to the public places of the cities to kindle the courage of the young warriors and to preach the unity of the Republic and the hatred of kings.”

28. Surging French Nationalism!!!
What is Nationalism?
Identification not with a ruler or kingdom or empire, but instead with a culture group
In other words, did subjects of the Habsburgs feel nationalism?
Subject versus Citizen
Divine Right versus Social Contract

29. French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie!

30. The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.
The Tricolor (1789)
The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.
Citizen!

31. The Tricolor is the Fashion!

32. Intense Move Towards REASON
The adoption of a new Republican Calendar:
abolished Sundays & religious holidays.
months named after seasonal features.
7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades.
the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792]
The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

33. The New Republican Calendar
Vendemaire
(Vintage)
22 September-21 October
Brumaire
(Fog)
22 October-20 November
Frimaire
(Frost)
21 November-20 December
Nivose
(Snow)
21 December-19 January
Pluviose
(Rain)
20 January-18 February
Ventose
(Wind)
19 February-20 March
Germinal
(Budding)
21 March-19 April
Floreal
(Flowers)
20 April-19 May
Prairial
(Meadows)
20 May-18 June
Messidor
(Harvest)
19 June-18 July
Thermidor
(Heat)
19 July-17 August
Fructidor
(Fruit)
18 August-21 September
The New Republican Calendar
New Name
Meaning
Time Period
Vendemaire
Vintage
September 22 – October 21
Brumaire
Fog
October 22 – November 20
Frimaire
Frost
November 21 – December 20
Nivose
Snow
December 21 – January 19
Pluviose
Rain
January 20 – February 18
Ventose
Wind
February 19 – March 20
Germinal
Budding
March 21 – April 19
Floreal
Flowers
April 20 – May 19
Prairial
Meadow
May 20 – June 18
Messidor
Harvest
June 19 – July 18
Thermidor
Heat
July 19 – August 17
Fructidor
Fruit
August 18 – September 21

34. The “Temple of Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

35. The Festival of Supreme Being
A new secular holiday

36. Revolutionary Playing Cards

37. 83 Revolutionary Departments
February 26, 1790

38. The French Revolution "Reactionary" Phase: 1795-1799 Special Fonts:
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Black Chancery
DavysOtherWingdings
Edwardian Script ITC

39. The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children!
Danton Awaits Execution, 1793

40. The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794
Robespierre has demanded complete obedience to his version of revolutionary virtue throughout the Reign of Terror
He has repeatedly purged the National Convention of ‘traitors’
Eventually he alienates members of the CPS and the National Convention who feel they may be next to be accused
the Convention arrests Robespierre.
Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

41. The Arrest of Robespierre

42. Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

43. Yet Another Gov’t, the Directory, Is Established
Curtailed the power of the Committee for Public Safety.
Closed the Jacobin Clubs.
Churches were reopened.
freedom of worship for all cults was granted.
Economic restrictions were lifted in favor of laissez-faire (capitalist) policies.
A more conservative republicanism.
An attempt to return as much as possible to the bourgeois stage of the Revolution