2.  Plans for victory differed significantly  The Union  Use the Navy to blockade southern ports  Effectively cut the south off from manufactured goods from Europe  Wanted to capture Richmond (southern capital)  Hoped to end the war quickly by capturing the Confederate Government  Wanted to capture the Mississippi River  This would hinder the south's ability to supply its troops  Would also split the states of Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana off from the rest of the Confederacy

3.  The Confederacy  The south would fight a defensive war until the north got tired of fighting  If it became unpopular in the north, Lincoln would have to stop the war and recognize the south’s independence  The south would use its economic ties to Europe for support  Cotton was important to European textile mills  Would use money to buy war supplies  Southerners were confidant that they would be recognized by Europe and that Europe would continue to buy southern goods

4.  July 21 st 1861  Union troops headed for Richmond  Hundreds of civilians followed to watch the fight  Met Confederate forces near the town of Bull Run  Union had early success and felt that would be the end of the war  General Jackson held the line and earned the name “Stonewall” for his fortitude  This act rallied the Confederate forces

5.  The Union ended up scattering and fled due to the Confederate rally  They ran all the way back to Washington D.C.  This was a major embarrassment for the Union Army  Highlighted the need for more training for troops from both armies  After the defeat, Lincoln appointed George McClellen as commander of the Union army in the East  Trained troops and prepared them for battle

6.  McClellan was very cautious and hesitated to lead his army into battle  Lincoln stated “If McClellan does not want to use the army, can I borrow it?”  In March 1862, McClellan took his army towards Richmond  Robert E. Lee counterattacked and Stonewall Jackson approached Washington D.C.  This prevented Lincoln from sending the rest of the Union Army to help McClellan  McClellan being cautious, he abandons his attack on Richmond

7.  Union Navy blockaded southern ports  Small, fast boats known as “Blockade Runners” slipped through carrying guns to the south  Blockade got better  Southern trade dropped by 90%  South turned an abandoned Union ship called the Merrimack into an Ironclad ship named the Virginia  The Union made their own ironclad known as the Monitor  The two clashed but did no damage to the other  Confederates had to sink the Virginia when the Union captured Norfolk  The Union built more than 50 ironclads  The ironclads changed naval warfare  The South never again mounted an attack on the Union Navy and the blockade continued for the rest of the war

8.  Robert E. Lee wanted a Confederate victory on Union soil  In September, 1862 he led his troops north to Maryland  His battle plans were found by a Union soldier at an abandoned Confederate camp site and were given to McClellan  Again, McClellan was slow to act  He attacked Lee on September 17 th at Antietam  More than 23,000 soldiers were killed or wounded in the one day long battle

9.  Lee retreated that night  He was relieved that McClellan did not pursue  There was no clear winner in this battle  The North claimed victory because Lee withdrew  Northern morale increased  Lincoln was upset that McClellan did not pursue Lee  McClellan was replaced with General Ambrose Burnside in November

10.  Lee met Burnside in 1862 in the Battle of Fredericksburg  The Union attack was repelled by the Confederate guns dug in on the crest of a hill  This was one of the Unions greatest defeats  Jackson and Lee defeated the Union again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in three days  A Confederate sentry fired on what he thought was a Union soldier  General Stonewall Jackson died several days later

11.  General Ulysses S. Grant moved towards controlling the Mississippi River  Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson  On April 6 th, 1862 he was surprised by Confederate forces at Shiloh  Union forces were pushed back at first but won on the second day  There were about 24,000 casualties at Shiloh  While Grant was fighting at Shiloh, Union troops and ships moved to take the Mississippi  New Orleans and Memphis fell to the North