1. Indian Removal Act 1830
“Dirty Politics”

2. “It is impossible to civilize Indians because they were essentially inferior to the Anglo-Saxon race”
-- John Quincy Adams

3. Black Hawk War
US govt says all Native Americans must leave Illinois
Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk refuses, saying no one can own land
US settlers moved into village when they were away hunting
After Sauk attacks, US troops drive out Indians

4. You have taken me prisoner with all my warriors - I fought hard
You have taken me prisoner with all my warriors - I fought hard. But your guns were well-aimed. The bullets flew like birds in the air, and whizzed by our ears like the wind through the trees in the winter. My warriors fell around me, it began to look dismal. I saw my evil day at hand.

5. Quotes:
When you read and hear these quotes, what emotions, thoughts, or questions come to your mind?
Be ready to share your comments.

6. Cherokee interaction…
After contact, the Cherokees acquired many aspects of the white neighbors with whom many had intermarried.
Soon they had shaped a government and a society that matched the most "civilized" of the time.

7. Sequoyah
Cherokee Lived peacefully in the Appalachian Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee
Adopted culture of whites - wrote and spoke English
Had own written language and newspaper
Based their government on the U.S. Constitution

8. William McIntosh was a controversial chief of the Lower Creeks
He supported the United States and its efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory.
Alienated him from many Creeks who opposed white encroachment on Indian land.
He supported General Andrew Jackson in the Red Stick War.
Signed treaty that exchanged all Creek land in Georgia for $200,000
He was shot and stabbed to death, and his house was burned down.
William McIntosh

9. President Andrew Jackson 1828
Indian Removal Act 1830
No sympathy for Native Americans
President Jackson pushes Congress to force Indians to move west of the Mississippi
Congress established Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) as the new Indian homeland
Cherokee resist
President Andrew Jackson 1828

10. What does that mean? What do you think the Cherokee do to “resist?”
Be ready to share your comments.

11. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831
Tribal law versus Georgia law Which one?
Georgia Guard arrest a Cherokee man who murdered another member of the Cherokee Nation.
Georgia court found him guilty
Cherokee said, “Georgia laws do not apply to the Cherokee Nation.”
Supreme Court said, “Yes, they do. You have no right to sue GA (domestic dependent nation).”

12. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
The Supreme Court ruled the State of Georgia had no power to pass any law affecting the Cherokee Nation, keeping them separate from state or national laws
Because the Cherokee Nation is a separate political community, this case guaranteed the Cherokee nation and the lands within their boundaries can have their own rules and laws.
The decision sparked intense disagreement between the three branches of government and failed to work under the weight of Jackson’s objection.
Responding to Chief Justice John Marshall’s written decision it was rumored Jackson remarked, “The Chief Justice has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
Unfortunately for the Cherokee Nation, it never mattered because of what happened later.

13. Treaty of New Echota (1835)
After a neverending trail of treaties designed to take land from the Cherokee Nation, the Treaty of New Echota represented the final blow to traditional Cherokee land rights.
New Echota took all land possessed by the Cherokee Nation east of the Mississippi and gave it to the United States and reaffirmed the seven million acres and perpetual outlet commitments.
“The United States shall always have the right to make and establish such post and military roads and forts in any part of the Cherokee country, as they may deem proper for the interest and protection of the same and the free use of as much land, timber, fuel and materials of all kinds for the construction and support of the same as may be necessary…”

14. In a letter to Congress, Chief John Ross said the Treaty of New Echota and its penalties on the people of the Cherokee Nation was illegal.
His words echo through the history of treaty negotiations between Native Americans and the government of the United States.
“We are overwhelmed! Our hearts are sickened, our utterance is paralyzed, when we reflect on the condition in which we are placed, by the audacious practices of unprincipled men, who have managed their stratagems with so much dexterity as to impose on the Government of the United States, in the face of our earnest, solemn, and reiterated protestations.
The instrument in question is not the act of our Nation; we are not parties to its covenants; it has not received the sanction of our people.”

15. Trail of Tears 1838 - 39 Georgia militia brutally rounds up 17,000
Destination: Oklahoma
800 miles – 6 months: boat, railroad, foot
25% (¼) Cherokee die along the way
New land far inferior (remember the story I told you at the beginning of the year??)
Became known as "The Trail of Tears" or, as a direct translation from Cherokee, "The Trail Where They Cried" ("Nunna daul Tsuny").

18. 1. Why was William McIntosh murdered by his own people?
He signed a treaty giving up the last Creek lands in Georgia to the federal government
He was the cousin of Georgia’s Governor George Troup
He fell to defeat in a fight with the Georgia militia
He became friendly with the Cherokee

19. 2. What was Sequoyah’s (George Gist) major contribution to the Cherokee culture?
He signed a treaty giving Cherokee lands to the United States
He signed a treaty moving the Cherokee to the Indian Territory
He gained fame as a hunter and trapper and treaded the fur for weapons
He developed a syllabry so the Cherokee could have a written language

20. 3. When Andrew Jackson said, “John Marshall has rendered his decision, now let him enforce it,” he meant that the
President would see that troops were sent to enforce the decision
Congress and the president agreed with and supported the decision
Supreme Court was the supreme law of the land and could do whatever it wanted
Supreme Court could not enforce the decision without the support of the president

21. 4. The intent of the Indian Removal Act was to
Destroy the native American way of life
Remove the native Americans from the eastern United States
Help the native Americans buy land east of the Mississippi River
Remove the Native Americans to reservation in the eastern part of the United States

22. 5. The removal of the Cherokee from Georgia is remembered as the
Long Journey Home
Overland Trail
Trail to Nowhere
Trail of Tears

23. Trail of Tears Assignment remember the story I told you at the beginning of the year??)
Write a three entry diary about your experiences on the Trail of Tears and how your life was/will be affected by the move from Georgia to Oklahoma.
Entry One - Before you leave (court case)
Entry Two - On the Trail (struggles during the trip)
Entry Three - When you arrive in Indian Territory (how life has changed)
Detail earns points - cover emotion, fears, pain, successes with colorful adjectives and adverbs
Due next class