1. Matter Ice-Water Granite Brass Air Salt Water Milk Oil-Water

2. Solution Properties wt%Freezing Pt. [ o C]Density [g/mL]Viscosity [mPa sec] 0.00.000.998211.002 0.5-0.150.99881.010 1.0-0.300.99951.020 2.0-0.611.00071.048 3.0-0.921.00191.074 4.0-1.241.00321.099 5.0-1.581.00441.125 6.0-1.911.00571.153

3. Distillation Alcohol: bp = 78.5 o C Water: bp = 100 o C wine brandy

5. Moore’s Head

6. Laboratory Distillation

7. Distilled Spirits

8. Distilled SpiritFermentNotes Brandy Grapes, apple, pearDistilled Wine (Cognac is double distilled in a pot still) Whisky Barley, malted barley, rye, wheat, corn Distilled and Aged in a Wooden Cask Bourbon Mash greater than 51% maizeDistilled and Aged in New, Charred Oak Cask (Straight Bourbon is aged at least 2 years) Gin Grapes, sugar beets, sugarcaneNeutral Grain Spirit with Juniper Berries added and Redistilled Vodka Grain, potatoes, molasses Multiply Distilled

9. Distillation of Crude Oil Me dium Heavy Crude

11. Fraction# C’sBP Range Natural Gas1 - 4Below 20 Petroleum Ether5 – 630 – 60 Ligroin760 – 90 Straight-Run Gasoline6 - 1285 – 200 Kerosene12 - 15200 – 300 Fuel Oil15 - 18300 – 400 Lubricating Oil Paraffin Wax Asphalt 16 - 24Above 400

12. Heavy Hydrocarbons into Light Light Hydrocarbons into Heavy

14. Gasoline

15. Chromatography Mikhail Tsvet

16. How Chromatography Works

17. Paper Chromatography Chromatogram of Several Inks

18. Thin Layer Chromatography TLC Chromatogram of an Ink

19. TLC Chromatogram of the Oils from Several Plants

20. Column Chromatography

22. Compounds vs. Elements

23. Lavoisier’s Demonstration of the Compound Nature of Water