1. Introduction to Environmental Science Section 2 of Chapter 1 The Nature of Science Mr. Manskopf Notes can also be found at http://www.manskopf.com http://www.manskopf.com The word science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge.”

2. Goals for these notes Describe the steps that a scientists would use to figure out problems in our environment. Describe the steps that a scientists would use to figure out problems in our environment.

3. What Science is and is not Science is an organized way of studying the natural world, and the knowledge gained from such studies. Science is an organized way of studying the natural world, and the knowledge gained from such studies. Science assumes that the natural world functions in accordance with rules that do not change. Science assumes that the natural world functions in accordance with rules that do not change. Science does not deal with the supernatural. Science does not deal with the supernatural. Science relies on evidence from measurements and observations. Science relies on evidence from measurements and observations. Scientific ideas are “supported, ” not “proven,” and “accepted, ” not “believed in. ” Scientific ideas are “supported, ” not “proven,” and “accepted, ” not “believed in. ”

4. How Science Works In order to satisfy our curiosity about why things are the way they are and about how things happen the way they do, we must.. Making Observations: using our senses and tools Making Observations: using our senses and tools What are some tools a scientist may use? What are some tools a scientist may use?

5. Observations Make some observations from this photo

6. Make some observations

7. Observation

8. Observation

9. Hypothesis and Predicting Is a testable idea that can be lead to further investigation. Is a testable idea that can be lead to further investigation. Can you give an example? Can you give an example?

10. What can you tell from this data?

11. Hypothesis

12. Hypothesis

13. Hypothesis Cholera is caused by people drinking contaminated water. Which pump appears to be causing the 1854 London Cholera outbreak? Spot Map See patterns in data How could you test this hypothesis?

14. Collecting Data To study the hypothesis data must be collected and analyze. To study the hypothesis data must be collected and analyze. Conclusions must be drawn Conclusions must be drawn Results must be repeatable Results must be repeatable Results should be communicated Results should be communicated

15. Collecting Data

17. Drawing Conclusions

18. Repeating Experiments

19. Communicating Results

20. What does this model show us about how mercury gets to humans?

21. Community Analysis and Feedback – Peer Reviewed Present their work and get feedback from other researchers at conferences Write papers about their study Submit papers for publication in a journal

22. Habits of a Scientist Curiosity Curiosity Skepticism Skepticism Openness to New Ideas Openness to New Ideas Intellectual Honesty Intellectual Honesty Imagination and Creativity Imagination and Creativity

23. What is going on here? 1999 Earthquakes in yellow

25. How can we use the scientific method to study our impacts on the environment?

26. Environmental ethics is the application of ethical standards to the relationship between humans and the environment. Anthropocentrism: Humans and human welfare most important Biocentrism: All living things have value; some may be more important than others Ecocentrism: Well-being of a species or community more important than that of an individual