1. The Battle for National Reform

2. Do Now: Review Write one sentenced describing the progressive era.
Who are the three progressive era presidents?
What are the 3 c’s of Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”?
What piece of legislation did Roosevelt use to break up trusts and monopolies?

3. Do Now: Preview How did Howard Taft anger progressives?
What was the name of Taft’s foreign policy?
What was the name of the newly formed third party in the election of 1912?
What was the name of Wilson’s progressive era plan?
What was the name of Wilson’s foreign policy?

4. Main Ideas
Progressive reformers responded to economic instability, social inequality, and political corruption by calling for government intervention in the economy, expanded democracy, greater social justice, and conservation of natural resources.
Progressives promoted federal legislation to regulate abuses of the economy and the environment, and many sought to expand democracy.

5. 3 Areas to Focus On Work, Exchange, Technology
Environment and Geography
Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture

6. Work, Exchange, and Technology
This theme focuses on the development of American economies based on agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing.
Students should examine ways that different economic and labor systems, technological innovations, and government policies have shaped American society.
Students should explore the lives of working people and the relationships among social classes, racial and ethnic groups, and men and women, including the availability of land and labor, national and international economic developments, and the role of government support and regulation.

7. Work, Exchange, and Technology Objectives
Major Historical Question
How have debates over economic values and the role of government in the U.S. economy affected politics, society, the economy, and the environment?
Be able to explain how arguments about market capitalism, the growth of corporate power, and government policies influenced economic policies from the late 18th century through the early 20th century
Be able to compare the beliefs and strategies of movements advocating changes to the U.S. economic system since industrialization, particularly the organized labor, Populist, and Progressive movements
Explain how and why the role of the federal government in regulating economic life and the environment has changed since the end of the 19th Century

8. Environment and Geography – Physical and Human
This theme examines the role of environment, geography, and climate in both constraining and shaping human actions.
Students should analyze the interaction between the environment and Americans in their efforts to survive and thrive.
Students should also explore efforts to interpret, preserve, manage, or exploit natural and man-made environments, as well as the historical contexts within which interactions with the environment have taken place.

9. Environment and Geography Objectives
How did economic and demographic changes affect the environment and lead to debates over use and control of the environment and natural resources?
Be explain how and why debates about and policies concerning the use of natural resources and the environment more generally have changed since the late 19th century.

10. Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture
This theme explores the roles that ideas, beliefs, social mores, and creative expression have played in shaping the United States.
Students should examine the development of aesthetic, moral, religious, scientific, and philosophical principles and consider how these principles have affected individual and group actions.
Students should analyze the interactions between beliefs and communities, economic values, and political movements, including attempts to change American society to align it with specific ideals.

11. Ideas, Beliefs and Culture Objectives
How and why have changes in moral, philosophical, and cultural values affected U.S. history?
Be able to Analyze ways that philosophical, moral, and scientific ideas, were used to defend and challenge the dominant economic and social order in the late 19th centuries.

12. Progressive Era Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt ( )
William Howard Taft ( )
Woodrow Wilson ( )

13. Progressive Era Presidents
Progressive Reform
Economic Regulation
Political Reform
Domestic Programs
Conservation
Civil Rights
Foreign Policy
Imperialism
Big Stick Policy
Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy

14. Objectives
Understand how Teddy Roosevelt used his power as president to support progressive movement goals.
Improvement of conditions for workers and consumers (social welfare)
Providing a more responsive and responsible government (economic/political reform)
Women gaining the right to vote and the outlawing of alcohol in the United States (moral welfare)
Fostering efficiency

15. Theodore Roosevelt
assumed presidency September 1901 after President McKinley assassinated.
Reputation as an independent and wild man
became champion of cautious and moderate change,
reform to protect society against more radical changes
Roosevelt saw fed government as mediator of the public good.
Not opposed to industrial combinations but realized potential for abuse of power

16. Theodore Roosevelt Supported regulation of trusts
EX. Created Department of Commerce and Labor 1903 to publicly investigate corporations.
Did make effort to break up some trusts
used Sherman Antitrust Act to break up Northern Securities Company monopoly over RRs in Northwest
Saw government as impartial regulator for labor as well
1902 strike by United Mine workers led Roosevelt to ask labor and management to accept impartial federal arbitration
threatened to seize mines if management balked

17. Progressive Era Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
“Square Deal” for all Americans – 3 C’s
Incorporates Progressive Reform and Domestic Policies
Control of Corporations
Consumer Protection
Conservation of Natural Resources

18. Control of Corporation
1902 Coal Strike:
Miners in PA
20% pay raise
9 hr. day
union
T.R. called both sides to White House to negotiate
Threatened to take over mines
Legislation: none
Trusts:
“Good” v. “Bad” trusts
Filed suits under Sherman Antitrust Act
Railroad, beef, oil, tobacco and others
Ordered Justice Dept. to sue Northern Securities Company
NSC est. monopoly over Northwestern Railroads
Legislation: Sherman Antitrust Act
Know as a Trustbuster

19. Control of Corporation
Unregulated Big Business:
Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act
Fought for passage of :
Elkins Act
Hepburn Act
Legislation: Interstate Commerce Act, Elkins Act, and Hepburn Act
Worker’ Rights
Favored
8 hour work day for labor,
workmen’s compensation
inheritance and income taxes

20. Control of Corporation
Panic of 1807
Despite reforms government still had little control over industrial economy
in 1907 production outgrew domestic and foreign demand, speculation and poor management led to panic.
JP Morgan pooled assets of NY banks to prop up banks, made deal with President to allow U.S. Steel to purchase Tennessee Coal and Iron Company shares
Roosevelt makes a deal with Big Business to save economy

21. Consumer Protection Dangerous Foods and Medicine:
Appointed a commission to study the meatpacking industry.
Response to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Legislation:
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
can’t change or alter goods or labels on goods

22. Conservation of National Resources
Shrinking Wilderness and Natural Resources:
Promoted conservation of natural resources
Set aside thousands of acres of forest reserves
Water-power sites
Wilderness sanctuaries
National parks
Pinchot to head U.S. Forest Services
Irrigation projects
saw goal of “conservation” to carefully manage development and to apply same scientific method of management being used in cities
Legislation: National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)
Act funded dam construction, reservoirs, canals in West to open new lands for irrigation, cultivation and power development

23. Conservation of National Resources
Hetch Hetchy Controversy
Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite seen as beautiful land by naturalists, but San Francisco residents and Roosevelt’s head of National Forest System Gifford Pinchot wanted land to build dam and reservoir for city’s growing water needs.
Pinchot saw needs of city more important than claims of preservation
Issue placed in 1908 referendum, dam approved by large margin in election
Referendum: a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

24. Other Policies During Roosevelt’s Administration
Tariff
During early administration called on Congress to lower tariff (a progressive demand),
refused to oppose Republican Old Guard.
Wanted to get re-elected in 1904
Result was Payne-Aldrich Tariff
reduced tariffs little, raised others
progressives resented inaction

25. Roosevelt on Racial Discrimination
On February 13, 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a stirring speech to the New York City Republican Club.
Roosevelt had just won his second reelection, and in this speech, he discussed the country’s current state of race relations and his plan for improving them. In 1905, many white Americans’ attitude of superiority to other races still lingered. Much bitterness still existed between North and South and, in addition, Roosevelt’s tenure in office had seen an influx of Asian immigrants in the West, which contributed to new racial tensions. In his argument for racial equality, Roosevelt used the rising tide raises all ships metaphor, stating that if morality and thrift among the colored men can be raised then those same virtues among whites, already assumed to be more advanced, would rise to an even higher degree. At the same time, he warned that the debasement of the blacks will in the end carry with it [the] debasement of the whites.
Roosevelt’s solution to the race problem in 1905 was to proceed slowly toward social and economic equality. He cautioned against imposing radical changes in government policy and instead suggested a gradual adjustment in the attitudes of whites toward ethnic minorities. He referred to white Americans as the forward race, whose responsibility it was to raise the status of minorities through training the backward race[s] in industrial efficiency, political capacity and domestic morality. Thus, he claimed whites bore the burden of preserving the high civilization wrought out by its forefathers.
While Roosevelt firmly believed in the words of the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal, his administration took only a passive, long-term approach to improving civil rights. His successors in the 20th century would take the same route–it was not until Lyndon Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964 that government efforts to correct racial bias would be encoded into law.

26. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
Roosevelt wanted to use American power in the world
Believed “civilized” countries (based on race and degree of economic development, industrialization) had right to intervene in “uncivilized” nations in order to access markets and raw materials, provide stability and order

27. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
Big Stick Diplomacy
The use of military force when necessary to protect American interests in other parts of the word.
Mainly Latin America

28. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
Roosevelt believed in the idea that U.S. had special interest in Latin America
After European powers threatened Venezuela over debts, Roosevelt 1906 issued “Roosevelt Corollary”
Roosevelt Corollary
Addition to Monroe Doctrine
America will help Latin American countries in debt pay off European debtors
US had right to oppose European intervention in W. Hemisphere and intervene itself in Latin countries to maintain order and sovereignty
“Bad Neighbor Policy”
U.S. looks like an Empire

29. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
Platt Amendment
1902
Gave Cuba independence, also gave US right to intervene in case of foreign threat

30. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
Panama Canal
Needed for trading
Needed to move military easily
Panama chosen as site for canal b/c of French canal work that had already been started there.
Colombia controlled Panama and would not allow US Sec of State John Hay to negotiate lands for building
US Supports Panamanian revolution
Panama breaks from Columbia in revolution, America looks bad
New independent government granted US 6-mile wide “canal zone” for $10 million
“Cowboy Diplomacy” – America looks bad

31. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
Preserving the Open-Door Policy in Asia
Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize 1906 for negotiating end to Russo-Japanese War.
Japan now dominant naval power in Pacific and began blocking some US trade.
Roosevelt sent “Great White Fleet” around world to remind Japan (and other nations) of US power.

32. Roosevelt’s Presidency
Reform not priority during first years as president, more concerned with winning re-election by not alienating conservative Republicans
winning support of businessmen and using patronage—won 1904 election
Under Roosevelt U.S. becomes imperial power in Latin and Central America
Because of Panic of 1907 and promise made in 1904 to step down four years later Roosevelt did not seek re-nomination and reelection for 1908 bid
Supported William Howard Taft
Teddy Roosevelt used his power as president to support progressive movement goals.
Roosevelt becomes known in history as the first modern-day president.

33. Do you know I got stuck in a bath tub!!!!
William Howard Taft
Do you know I got stuck in a bath tub!!!!
Bigger trustbuster than Roosevelt
90 indictments vs. 44
Ballinger-Pinchot controversy
Ballinger selling public land
Pinchot complains then fired.
Angered Roosevelt
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
actually signs bill that increases tariffs on most items
angers support

34. Successes and Failures
Trust-busting
Empowering of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to set railroad rates.
Support of constitutional amendments
Mandating a federal income tax
Direct election of senators by the people (as opposed to appointment by state legislatures).
Raising of protective tariff
Firing of Pinchot
Angered many progressive supporters including Roosevelt

35. Taft’s Foreign Policy “Dollar Diplomacy”
Use of money not force to protect economic interests in foreign countries
Taft interested in overseas economic interest
worked to extend US investment in less developed countries. Called “Dollar Diplomacy” by critics

36. Election of 1912 Candidates Party Views
Progressive- Theodore Roosevelt
Bull Moose Party
Formed when Roosevelt did not get Republican nomination
1910 outlined “New Nationalism” that moved away from conservatism and argued only effort of strong fed government could bring social justice
Republican- William Howard Taft
Democratic- Woodrow Wilson
Socialist- Eugene Debs
Progressive: Supported govt. action to supervise big business, but did not oppose all big business monopolies.
Republican: Favored business, but fought to break up trusts.
Democratic: Supported small business and free market competition; thought that all big business monopolies were evil.
Socialist: Felt that big business was evil and that the solution involved doing away with capitalism and distributing wealth more equally among the people.

37. Election of 1912
Wilson Wins!

38. Woodrow Wilson 1913-1919 Scholar Wilson bold and forceful
Used position as leader of Dems to build coalition to support his program
(Dem majorities existed in both houses)

39. Woodrow Wilson
Held that bigness was unjust and wanted to destroy, not regulate monopoly
“New Freedom”
assault on “the triple wall of privilege”
tariff
banks
trust

40. New Freedom
Tariff
Greatly lowered tariff in Underwood-Simmons Tariff in order to introduce competition into market and breakup trusts
to make up for revenues past graduated income tax (16th Amendment)

41. New Freedom Banks Federal Reserve Act 1913
12 regional banks run by gov’t - Money now easily increased
regional Fed banks made up of regional banks + issued loans at “discount” rate
issued Fed Reserve notes backed by government,
shifted funds to meet credit demands and protect banks.
Supervising Federal Reserve Board members selected by President

42. New Freedom Trusts Anti-Trust Act of 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act
allows for labor protests
tries to control sneaky tricks of trusts
one man runs 4-5 different companies, controls costs
Federal Trade Commission Act
regulatory agency to help business determine whether their actions were legal, also power to prosecute “unfair trade practices”

43. Domestic Reform Wilson Retreats on Civil Rights:
Opposed federal anti-lynching legislation
Appointed segregationists to his cabinet
Failed to oppose the resegregation of federal offices
New developments that brought success of female suffrage movement:
Increased activism of local and grass roots groups
Use of bold new strategies to build enthusiasm for the movement
Regeneration of the national movement under Carrie Chapman Catt

44. Regulation of Working Conditions
1916
Keating-Owen Act
regulated child labor
Forbid interstate sale of goods made by children
1914
Smith-Lever Act
help agricultural extension education
Help educated farmers about new technologies

45. Wilson’s Foreign Policy
Moral Diplomacy
This promotes the growth of the nation's ideals and damages nations with different ideologies.
Used by Wilson to support countries with democratic governments and to economically injure non-democratic countries
seen as possible threats to the U.S.
He also hoped to increase the number of democratic nations, particularly in Latin America.

46. Wilson’s Foreign Policy
Mexico
Mexican government had been overthrown 2 times and the new leader, General Victoriano Huerta, favored the wealthy and foreign investors while many citizens were living in poverty and were being treated unfairly.
Moral Diplomacy-Woodrow Wilson tried to aid morality to foreign affairs and refused to back Huerta.
He sent the military to support Carranza, and forced Huerta to resign.

47. Wilson’s Foreign Policy
“Pancho” Villa
Revolutionary who led an uprising against the new government and also came across the border to raid the town of Columbus, New Mexico.
President Wilson sent John J. Pershing to capture Pancho Villa.
After a year of pursuing him, his forces came back to the U.S. without him. He is viewed as a folk hero in Mexican history