1. GRAMMAR:
TRANSITIONAL WORDS
TENSES

2. Components to cover:
TRANSITIONAL WORDS
TENSES

3. TRANSITIONAL WORDS
Transition words and phrases help make clear connections between ideas and see that sentences and paragraphs flow together smoothly, making them easier to read.
Transitional words are words that are used to add, compare, contrast, exemplify, summarize, and put the words in sequence.

4. FEATURES OF TRANSITIONAL WORDS
Transition signals are connecting words or phrases that act like bridges between parts of your writing.
Transition signals act like signposts to indicate to the reader the order and flow of your writing and ideas.
They strengthen the internal cohesion of your writing. Using transitions makes it easier for the reader to follow your ideas.
They help carry over a thought from one sentence to another, from one paragraph to another, or from one idea to another.

5. FUNCTIONS OF TRANSITIONAL WORDS?
Example
Apples and oranges are types of fruit.
Not only fast cars but also slow trucks make up highway traffic.
Henri stopped writing so that he could listen to his friend.
FUNCTIONS OF TRANSITIONAL WORDS?
Transitions function to connect words, phrases, and clauses.

6. TRANSITION, ADD, COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Example
Addition
We also visited Miami Beach.
2. Comparison
We like them have to study.
3. Contrast
Instead of riding, they walked.
TRANSITION, ADD, COMPARE AND CONTRAST
There are some transitional words that are used to compare and contrast a sentence.
Some words are used additionally in sentences.

7. TRANSITION FOR SUMMARY AND SEQUENCE?
Example
Example:
To illustrate, I will tell a story.
Summary:
In sum, you must try hard.
Time Sequence:
At last, she said yes.
TRANSITION FOR SUMMARY AND SEQUENCE?
There are some different set of words that are used to explain the transition for a summary, an example and time sequence.

8. TRANSITION FOR ADDITION
Common Words
And
Also
Besides
Too
First
Next
Last
Power Terms
Moreover
Furthermore
In Addition

9. TRANSITION FOR COMPARISON
Simple Ones
Also
Too
Complex Ones
In the same way
Likewise
Similarly

10. TRANSITION FOR CONTRAST
Simple Contrast Complex Contrast
Although But
At the same time Yet
Despite that Still
In contrast Even so
In spite of Instead
Nevertheless Otherwise
Notwithstanding Regardless
On the other hand

11. TRANSITION FOR EXAMPLE
Simple Example Complex Example
For example As an illustration
For instance In other words
Indeed In short
In fact That is
Of course To illustrate

12. TRANSITION FOR SUMMARY
Simple Ones
Altogether
Finally
Complex Ones
In brief
In conclusion
In other words
In particular
In short
In summary
On the whole
That is

13. ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions and write the transition words that helped you make your
decision
1.If you can’t get rid of a cold, the flu, or a nagging sore throat, the reason may be your toothbrush. 2. Studies at the University of Oklahoma Dental School have shown that your old toothbrush may carry the germs that are causing your illness. 3. The studies have found that people who change their toothbrushes about every two weeks recover from common winter ills faster that people who use their toothbrushes for a month or more. 4. Old toothbrushes can culture the germs that can cause colds, influenza, pneumonia, strep throat,
diarrhea, and sinus disease. 5. Another study found that disease germs can live in an unused toothbrush for as long as a week. 6. They can start to thrive again every time you brush your teeth.

14. ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions and write the transition words that helped you make your
decision
1.The relationship between the two parts of sentence 1 is one of
a. time c. cause and effect.
b. addition d. contrast.
2. The relationship of sentence 5 to the previous sentence is one of
a. addition c. time.
b. comparison d. contrast.

15. Transition words are: If , another.
ANSWER TO ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions and write the transition words that helped you make your
Decision
Transition words are: If , another.
The relationship between the two parts of sentence is one of
a. time b. cause and effect.
c. addition d. contrast.
The relationship of sentence 5 to the previous sentence is one of
a. addition c. time.
b. comparison d. contrast.

16. WHAT ARE TENSES? Example: The Present Tense The Past Tense
The Future Tense
WHAT ARE TENSES?
Verb tense expresses the time of an event or action. Time and how it is expressed in writing is very important to English readers. The English language has twelve different tenses.

17. THE SIX ENGLISH TENSES Three Simple Tenses Simple continuous
Present – You walk You are walking
I run I am running.
Past – You Walked You were walking.
I ran I was running.
Future – You will walk You will be walking.
I will run I will be running.

18. THE SIX ENGLISH TENSES Three Perfect Tenses Perfect continuous
Present perfect
you have walked.
I have run you have been walking.
I have been running.
Past Perfect
You had walked.
I had run You had been walking.
I had been running.
Future Perfect
You will have walked
I will have run You will have been walking.
I will have been running.

19. This tense also expresses general truths or facts that are timeless.
Example
1. She goes to work everyday.
2. They always eat lunch together.
3. Snow falls in the December in Minnesota.
4. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE?
Expresses a habit or often repeated action. Adverbs of frequency such as, often, seldom, sometimes, never, etc. are used with this tense.
This tense also expresses general truths or facts that are timeless.

20. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Example
She is typing a paper for her class.
He can’t talk. He is fixing the sink right now.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
adjectives
This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now (at this moment, today, this year, etc.). The action has begun and is still in progress. It can be occurring now, but is temporary

21. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE Example
I visited my sister yesterday.
We went out to dinner last night.
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb.

22. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Example
I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.
They were eating dinner when the neighbors stopped by for a visit.
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past continuous is often used with the simple past to show that one action was in progress when another action occurred.

23. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Example
I was studying for an exam while my mother was cooking dinner.
We were walking in the park around 7 p.m. last night.
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past continuous is used to talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past. The emphasis is on the duration of the activity in the past.

24. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Example
He has lived in Modesto for two years.
(He began living in Modesto two years ago and he still lives there.)
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The present perfect is used to talk about an event that began in the past and continues up to the present.

25. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Example
The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the iceberg.
I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to visit.
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
This tense describes completed events that took place in the past before another past event.

26. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Example
She had been driving around the city for three hours before she finally found the right office.
THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
This tense is used to emphasize the duration of an action that was completed before another action or event in the past.

27. THE FUTURE TENSE Example
She is meeting a new client at eleven o’clock.
The train leaves at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow.
THE FUTURE TENSE
The simple present and present continuous are also used to express future time. These are often used used in connection with schedules.

28. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Example
We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
This tense is used to describe an event or action that will be completed before another event or time in the future. .

29. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Example
By the time he finishes law school, we will have been living in the U.S. for eight years.
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
This tense describes an action that has been in progress for a duration of time before another event or time in the future.

30. Fill in with the right tenses:
ACTIVITY 1
Fill in with the right tenses:
1. Hi, I  ________(be) Matt Rotell, a friend of Alice's.  2. Oh, yes. Alice  _______(mention) you the other day. Gee, you _________(not look) like a detective.  3. Well, that's good, I  ___________(guess).  4. I'm curious. Tell me, how  you  _______(decide) to become an undercover cop?  5. Well, when I  ____(be) a kid, I  _____(love) to read detective novels. By the time I  _________(be) ten, I  ____(read) every book in the Hardy Boys series. I  ____(know) that I  ___(want) to go into law enforcement. 

31. ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1
1.    am
2.    mentioned, don’t like
3. guess
4. did , decide
5.    was, loved, was, had read, knew, wanted.

32. Fill in with the right tenses:
ACTIVITY 1
Fill in with the right tenses:
6. But according to Alice, you  ____(attend) law school  nowadays.  7. Right. I  ___(get) married last month. I  ___(not mind) being on the police force when I  ____(be) single, but ever since I ___(meet) Nicole, my wife, I  ___(want) to do something less dangerous.  8. I  ____(understand). By the way,  you  ____(have) any luck yet with those counterfeiters?  9. Well, I  _____(follow) them for more than a month now, but so far I  ___(not be able to) catch them in the act. Sometimes I  _____(worry) that by the time they're caught, I'll have my law degree and I'll be defending them! 

33. 7. got, didn’t mind, was, met, have wanted 8. understand, have, had
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1
6.    are attending, have been attending
7.    got, didn’t mind, was, met, have wanted
8. understand, have, had
9. have been following , haven’t been able to, worry

34. ACTIVITY 1 Change the sentences below to the active voice:
6.    The building was damaged by the fire.
7.    By whom were you taught French?
8.    You will be given a ticket by the manager.
9.    The streets were thronged with spectators.
10.    We will be blamed by everyone.

35. The end