1. Political Culture Where does it come from? What difference does it make?

2. Sources of political culture: FamilyMedia Friends SchoolsEconomy Affiliations, Memberships Polity Region, Country Global society

3. What shapes political culture? Different views: Family, school, society through primary political socialization The regime and political system, as a consequence of the ways in which people experience it – secondary political socialization

4. Different views: Political culture Society Experience with political system Political Culture

5. Some questions and problems: Difference between political culture and national character? How can we characterize political culture(s) What difference does political culture make? Do you need a democratic political culture in order to sustain democracy? –If so, what constitutes a democratic political culture? Is it sufficient for elites to be committed to democracy or must ordinary citizens be so committed as well?

6. Argument: Political culture is one of several factors which influence how institutions operate, how political processes play out: Political culture is a source both of problems and resources to solve them

7. Mass political culture: Attitudes and orientations toward leadership influence the support which different kinds of leaders (elected or un-elected) will enjoy Degree of homogeneity or fragmentation (e.g. presence or absence of distinct identities, subcultures) influences the agenda of politics, the problems with which political leaders and the system must cope

8. Some examples: The United States: –the presidential election of 2000: Bush gained authority once the courts decide that he won –Responses to 9/11 Canada: problems of language and region Nigeria: problems governing an ethnically and religiously divided society –North: Muslim –East & West: more western, more Christian Building democracy in Russia and other ex-Soviet states

9. Some problems: How can a people govern themselves if there is no agreement on who the people are -- i.e. who belongs and who does not? Must mass and elite be committed to liberal democracy if liberal democracy is to survive? Is political culture cast in stone or does it change?

10. Sources of change: Impact of events – war, invasion, economic crisis Impact of politics and politicians, positive and negative - can create greater or lesser trust, hostility Social and economic change – emergence of new classes or groups Impact of time and acculturation

11. Some examples and some questions How has Newfoundland and Labrador political culture changed? – Is it the same as it was 30 or 50 years ago? –What would your parents or grandparents say? How has Canadian political culture changed over the last 30-50 years? –What is constant and what is not?

12. Reminder: Annotated bibliography due Friday, Oct 5 th (Paper copy preferred or, failing that, bibliography submitted in the body of your message)

13. Remaking German political culture: Imperial Germany (1871-1918) –A fragmented and divided society –prevailing values authoritarian The Weimar Republic (1918-1933) –democratic regime, established following surrender –highly fragmented –regime lacked legitimacy: some groups supported it, others tolerated, but few loved –aristocracy, business elites, military fail to support regime when it was challenged –totalitarian regime established by legal means

14. Postwar Germany Occupied, divided into 4 occupation zones Liberal democratic regime established in the three Western zones Communist regime in the eastern (Soviet) zone Problem for both east and west: how to establish new regimes in a country which had given fervent support to Nazism

15. Solutions: In the east, the solution is Communism: remake the economy (end capitalism) and you end Nazism In the west, political culture is gradually reshaped: –Bonn Basic Law (temporary constitution – still in effect) establishes citizen rights, liberal democratic order –West Germans initially quiescent, accepting… proud of economic achievements –Holocaust eventually acknowledged, dealt with in schools –Political system gains acceptance, in part because of economic success, stability, integration into Europe

16. Contemporary Germany: Problem of bringing together east and west Different experience of ‘Ossies’ and ‘Wessies’ Problem of who belongs: –East v west –Immigrants and refugees Question of Germany’s role in the world

17. Contrasts between Germany and Austria Austria’s self image as victim Limited de-nazification Reluctance to come to terms with Holocaust Today: far greater support for parties of the right

18. Remaking political culture in countries transiting to democracy: What does it take to remake elite political culture? What does it take to remake mass political culture – if it has to be remade?

19. Reminder: Annotated bibliography due Friday, Oct 5 th (Paper copy preferred or, failing that, bibliography submitted in the body of your message)