1. 1 Automated Data Collection Technology Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management

2. 2 List of Tools Integrated Scope-Cost-Schedule Model (BIM) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Ultra Wide-band (UWB) Equipment On-board Sensors (OBS) Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Electronic Timecard and Invoices, field laptops Object Character Recognition (OCR) Object Recognition 3D – Imaging (LADAR) Electronic imaging [Data Mining], [network database]

3. 3 BETA Commercial Software Location Based Scheduling, Finland Vico Control 2008 Take-off suite, Finland Tocoman Innovaya Building explorer Estimating & production database, Finland Sage-Timberline HCSS MC2 Historical library RS Means Middleware Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management Scheduling (Vico) 3D Software (Revitt) Cost Accounting (Oracle Edward Jones) Forecasting (Federal Reserve) Document Control (Prolog) 4D CAD (Navisworks) Quantity Collection (Field Engr. Excel) Takeoff (AGTEK) Software Integration (Vico, Oracle, Bentley) Software Integration / BIM Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Ultra Wide-band (UWB) Equipment On-board Sensors Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Object Recognition 3D – Imaging Electronic imaging

4. 4 quantities 1 map object- components Cost Model Sage-Timberline Process Model Vico Control recipe formulas publish quantities Middleware Tocoman Express Hosted Server Tocoman Construction Model Server / Citrix Takeoff Quantities Tocoman Quantity Manager component-operations, quantities & production rates component-operations combined into activities component-operations, unit cost & production rates component-operations, recipe formulas & production rates Component- operation library RS Means estimator looks at process model and selects component- operations Building Information Model ADT Middleware Tocoman Exchange Object-component takeoff Tocoman iLink 42278635 Estimated work in place Integrated BIM scope-cost-time

5. 5 Quantities Components, unit cost & production rates BIM Model (ADT) Object Group Takeoff (Tocoman ilink) Library Database (Sage / RS Means) Estimate (Sage-Timberline) Project Takeoff (Tocoman Qty. Mgr.) Schedule (Vico Control) Estimator looks at model, develop project planning & setup Project Recipes Publish Qtys. Components, quantities & production rates Recipe components & production rates Citrix Server (Tocoman Construction Model Server) Middleware (Tocoman Express) Map Objects 1 22345678 Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management Update from teach integrated

6. 6 Product model Cost model Process model Production library Take-off recipe formulas Object library Classification through WBS Customizable Database / knowledge Human- computer interaction Integrated or Middleware Formula library Exogenous object- components Planning & Setup Endogenous components Operations SCOPECOSTTIMEQUALITY project Activity library Budget library Construction method Integrated or Middleware Exogenous  Explicit object-components Endogenous  Implicit components legend Integrated or Middleware

7. 7 SimAL Software, XLS, ADT A Simulation Access Language and Framework with Applications to Project Management, Jinxing Cheng, (2004) Stanford University “Allow users to simulate different scenarios” and integrate software tools in search of optimum efficiency Component of any project management tool is to allow multiple scenarios to be modeled *see markel

8. 8 Interfaces for Searching, Managing, and Sharing Collected Field Data (template) ButterflyNet: Mobile Capture and Access for Biologists, Yeh, Ron B; Klemmer, Scott R June 2005 http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/2005-27 http://hci.stanford.edu/research/biology/ User Interface Butterfly Net Meta data (WBS) link Sensor- based Direct Measurements Field Notes/Photo Potential Cost/Scheduling System Connection Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management

9. 9 Electronic Invoicing & Time Cards Standard Template Formatted for automated import to accounting or schedule software Account number assignment –Account number provided with order or –Automated using type / time / location –Automatically generated account numbers verified or cross referenced Automated Quantities Reporting Autumn 2007 Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM Materials, sub work, cost code structure mirrors sub billing

10. 10 Object Character Recognition (OCR) & Electronic Invoicing Electronic invoicing & OCR technology has potential to automate quantity input. Hathaway Dinwiddie Y2E2 project used scanning technology only for paperless archives. Could have used for data entry. scan data template match-up lookup account number transfer data to accounts

11. 11 Auto Mapped Links Auto mapping to supplier server, government server, oversight, specifications, climate record, CIS

12. 12 Database Queries, Data Mining or Data Analysis, Auto Mapped Links Example: hourly rates adjusted to compensate fuel cost, requires periodic update from.gov server Automated Quantities Reporting Autumn 2007 Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM Gather data on suppliers, subs, owner, oversight, weather, standards, technology improvements, forecasting. Generate reliable quantity data from data sets collected by sensors

13. 13 3D Imaging http://www.trimble.com/trimblegx.shtml http://www.leica-geosystems.com NIST - CMAG testing remote management of construction sites (Cheoka et al. 2006) Jobsite Procedures to Allow 3D-Imaging (expand for other technologies) Effective range is approximately 80 meters, park equipment in designated areas & store material in designated locations CMU algorithm for scanner placement (Gordon et al. 2003) Radio / preprogrammed control surveillance unit. Time critical information gathering http://www.dragonflypictures.com/ Surveillance and monitoring of ground based objects http://vertol.mit.edu/prjinfo.html http://www.dragonflypictures.com/ http://vertol.mit.edu/prjinfo.html http://www.christopherholt.com/subjects/construction_00.htm http://www.dragonflypictures.com/ http://www.rctoys.com Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management

14. 14 3D Imaging Smart Chips in Construction, (2002) William Stone, Alan Lytle and Karen Furlani, National Institute of Standards and Technology I-Site Stockpile Truck load Cut/Fill http://www.isite3d.com

15. 15 Photographic quantity collection Fard M. G., and Peña-Mora, F. "Application of Visualization Techniques for Construction Progress Monitoring" Proceeding of the 2007 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Lucio Soibelman, Burcu Akinci - Editors, July 24–27, 2007, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

16. 16 “Construction Object Identification from LADAR Scans: An Experimental Study Using I-Beams,” (2005) Gilsinn, D.E., Cheok, G. S., Witzgall, C., and Lytle, A. National Institute of Standards and Technology Object Recognition “Combining Reality Capture Technologies for Construction Defect Detection: A Case Study” (2003) Gordon, C., Boukamp, F., Huber, D., Latimer, E., Park, K., and Akinci, B. 4D schedule updated CPM-schedule updated 3D image acquired from LADAR object recognized from library Time & (X,Y,Z) 3D object library updated visual display activity code Expected time & place Expected object expected activity NIST proposal A.Lytle http://www2.bfrl.nist.gov/projects/projcontain.asp? cc=8614102000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_single_object_rec ognition Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management Add other researchers

17. 17 “Performance Analysis of Next-Generation LADAR for Manufacturing, Construction, and Mobility” Ultra-wideband recommended for further research by (Stone et al. 2004) in NIST publication “Complex Permittivity of Planar Building Materials Measured With an Ultra-Wideband Free-Field Antenna Measurement System” (Davis et al. 2007) early research on use of ultra wideband to collect quantities without line of sight requirement. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband Ultra Wideband Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management

18. 18 Intelligent Equipment VIRTUAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION – A CONCEPTUAL MODEL (2007) Patrick Söderström and Thomas Olofsson eBygg – Center for IT in Construction, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden -(information rich model) for applications: mass-optimization, estimation, planning, visualization, generation of machine data and follow-up. -(DCI) support modifications. (Remove) Obstacles in contractual agreements between actors. -PPC from real-time measures of locations of machine-guided (GPS) equipment. Monitoring Construction Equipment for Automated Project Performance Control (2002) Rafael Sacks, Ronie Navon, Aviad Shapira and Irina Brodetsky - Technion - Israel Institute of Technology “system for interpreting data acquired automatically by monitoring the … equipment” Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management http://www.cat.com/cda/files/191058/7/AEHQ5549.pdf

19. 19 Intelligent Equipment – onboard sensors Past and Future of Construction Equipment, (2002) Cliff J. Schexnayder and Scott A. David, Arizona State University “Synthesized computers that instantly communicate by satellite with distant management teams reporting diagnostics, production, and position.” http://www.cat.com/cda/layout?m=8703&x=7 Commercially Available GPS Fleet Tracking, GPS-based performance reports detailing the following fleet management criteria: Idle times, RPM’s, Odometer readings, Speed http://www.globalwave.com

20. 20 GPS Tracking and locating components in a precast storage yard utilizing radio frequency identification technology and GPS, (2006) Esin Ergen a, Burcu Akinci b, and Rafael Sacks c, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, c Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology “… an automated system using radio frequency identification technology combined with GPS technology, requiring minimal worker input, is proposed. The requirements and approaches needed to utilize the system for locating precast concrete components with minimal worker input in the storage yard of a manufacturing plant were developed.”

21. 21 GPS - GIS Application of integrated GPS and GIS technology for reducing construction waste and improving construction efficiency (2004) Heng Li, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Zhen Chen, Massey University, Liang Yong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Stephen C.W. Kong, Loughborough University “…the integrated GPS and GIS technology is combined to the M&E system based on the Wide Area Network (WAN).”

22. 22 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tracking the Location of Materials on Construction Projects, (2005) Jong-Chul Song, University of Texas at Austin Thesis on the viability to use RFID devises in the field. The devises were utilized as a tracking and location devise. In the final evaluation an accuracy level of 4 meters demonstrated. A Framework for Real-Time Construction Project Progress Tracking, (2006) A. G. Ghanem and Y. A. AbdelRazig Florida State University “…automated system of reading RFID tags placed on items that send out either a tracking number, or other information for that item, directly to the reader. Keeping track of the material used on site, based on the estimated quantity will permit making a better estimate of the amount of work done on a construction site.” Presented at: 10th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments (Earth & Space 2006)

23. 23 Haul Truck Onboard Sensors RFID –Transmitter Quarry load out transceiver GPS –Data logger –802.11b Wireless LAN MEM –Accelerometer / pressure transducer Central Server Receiver –Cellular Transmitter Record of truck location, bed tilt time & truck identification Record of material type and weight from quarry transmission. Data received by central on site receiver, retransmitted in batch by cellular transmitter to central server. Source: sparkfun.com Automated Quantities Reporting Autumn 2007 Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM Source: http://www.engeniustech.com/datacom/products/details.aspx?id=174 transmit static identification data record location data transmit recorded data Bridge/Repeater Sense tilt & load transmit data to server transmit quarry data

24. 24 Field Tablet PC Distribute to field staff –Electronic timecards & foreman report –Communication –Safety –Searchable plans & specifications –Object based (BIM) information –Location based schedule –View 4D schedule –Wi-Fi / cellular link w/ central server –Rugged solid state memory –Embedded sensors i.e. RFID reader, GPS http://www.airforce-technology.com http://www.massgroup.com “Framework for Providing Customized Data Representations for Effective and Efficient Interaction with Mobile Computing Solutions on Construction Sites”, J. Reinhardt, J. Garrett Jr., and B. Akinci 2005 http://www.trimble.com http://www.samsung.com Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management

25. 25 4D Schedule A 4D schedule updated throughout the project duration could be used as an as-built, useful to maintenance personnel throughout the lifecycle of infrastructure. Scenario: On day 115, change order results in additional electrical wiring and revised plumbing. Updated 4-D schedule records these changes while current and results in dynamic as-built. Image borrowed from: Product Model 4D--Construction Pilot, Calvin Kam, http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/projects/calvin/PM4D.shtml

26. 26 Human Sensory Human sensory (similar in use as sensor): 2.1 Sight (object recognition)2.1 Sight 2.2 Hearing (RFID radio signal)2.2 Hearing 2.3 Taste (material identification)2.3 Taste 2.4 Smell 2.5 Touch (on-board sensory)2.5 Touch 2.6 Balance and acceleration 2.7 Temperature 2.8 Kinesthetic sense (clash detection)2.8 Kinesthetic sense 2.9 Pain 2.10 Direction (GPS)2.10 Direction Weight relative to resistive effort, this is heavier than that and similar to past experience weight of. The point is that the mechanical sensors are replications of the current sensor- based measuring tool, the human. See F. Peterson ENGR thesis draft ( http://stanford.edu/~granite/index.html) for a discussion of these human- based sensory methods. http://stanford.edu/~granite/index.html Included in the ENGR thesis draft is a discussion of inherent limitations of human-based sensory, such as the risk of optical illusions in sight, and the accuracy of sight-based observational estimates of count, area, and volume quantities.

27. 27 Process outputinput PLC OSIS SOFT JD Edwards SAP sensor Control module Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

28. 28 Social / Legal Issue Basic assumption in automated tracking systems is unhindered data sharing and access to site Reiteration of some commonly held concerns with data sharing Data sharing could divulge embarrassing mistakes in design / estimate Shortcuts taken by designer / estimator more apparent Liability for modifications made after transfer of data Observed on Stanford Y2&E2 project: all electronic drawings are transferred as.PDF files Common practice: estimators will not pass on electronic version of estimate documents