1. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 CHAPTER 7 Wireless, Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce

2. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 2 Chapter Outline 7.1 Wireless Technologies 7.2 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access 7.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile commerce 7.4 Pervasive Computing 7.5 Wireless Security

3. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 3 Learning Objectives Discuss the various types of wireless devices and wireless transmission media. Describe wireless networks according to their effective distance. Define mobile computing and mobile commerce. Discuss the major M-commerce applications. Define pervasive computing and describe two technologies that underlie this technology. Discuss the four major threats to wireless networks.

4. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 4 Chapter Opening Case P. 200

5. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 5 Chapter Opening Case (continued) Disconnect? Manufacturers Retailers

6. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 6 7.1 Wireless Technologies Wireless devices –Devices small enough to easily carry or wear, have sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks and can communicate wirelessly with the Internet. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) –The standard that enables wireless devices to access Web- based information and services. Microbrowser –Internet browser with a small file size that can work within the confines of the small screen sizes found on wireless devices and the relatively low bandwidths of wireless networks.

7. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 7 Browser vs. Early Microbrowser

8. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 8 Deepfish Microbrowser As wireless devices become more powerful, they have browsers with more functionality, such as Deepfish from Microsoft Labs.

9. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 9 Apple iPhone with Safari browser The Apple iPhone is a wireless device (smart phone) that is powerful enough to run the full-function Apple Safari browser.

10. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 10 Capabilities of Wireless Devices Cellular telephony E-mail access Bluetooth Short message service Wi-Fi Instant messaging Digital camera Text messaging Global positioning system Organizer MP2 music player Scheduler Video player Address book Internet access Calculator QWERTY keyboard

11. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 11 Examples of today’s wireless devices Blackberry Curve Treo 750

12. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 12 Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued) Motorola Q Helio Ocean

13. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 13 Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued) Nokia N95 HTC Touch Dual

14. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 14 Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued) Samsung i620 Nokia E90

15. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 15 Wireless Transmission Media - Microwave Microwave transmission systems –Are widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to- point communication. Point-to-point has two characteristics: –First, the transmitter and receiver must be in view of each other (called line-of-sight); and –Second, the transmission itself must be tightly directed from transmitter to receiver.

16. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 16 Wireless Transmission Media – Table 7.1 P 204

17. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 17 Wireless Transmission Media - Satellite Transmission Systems Satellite Transmission Systems make use of communication satellites Three types of satellites, each in a different orbit: –Geostationary (GEO): Orbits 22,300 miles directly above the equator and maintains a relatively fixed position in relation to a dish on earth; excellent for TV signals. –Medium-earth-orbit (MEO): Are located 6,000 miles above the earth’s surface and move; used for the GPS system. –Low-earth-orbit (LEO): Are 400 to 700 miles above the surface, so they move much faster with respect to a point on the earth’s surface; require many to cover the earth.

18. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 18 Satellite Footprint Comparison

19. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 19 Satellite Footprint Comparison – Table 7.2 Page 205

20. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 20 Satellite Footprint Comparison Global Positioning System (GPS) –A wireless system that uses MEO satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on the earth. Internet Over Satellite (IOS) –Allows users to access the Internet via GEO satellites from a dish mounted on the side of their homes.

21. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 21 Global Star LEO Coverage Global Star is the leading provider of satellite phone service with its low-earth orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites. The image shows the company’s coverage of the earth.

22. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 22 How the Global Positioning System Works GPS is supported by 24 MEO satellites that are shared worldwide.

23. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 23 Wireless Transmission Media - Radio Radio transmission uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers. Satellite Radio (digital radio) –offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music that is beamed to your radio from space. XM satellite radio and Sirius have agreed to merge as of mid-2007.

24. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 24 Wireless Transmission Media - Infrared Infrared light is red light that is not commonly visible to human eyes; common uses are in remote control units for TVs, VCRs, DVDs, CD players. You can use the digital camera on your cell phone to see if your TV remote control is working. A test to see if your TV remote control is working.

25. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 25 7.2 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access Short-range wireless networks –Generally have a range of 100 feet or less. Medium-range wireless networks –Are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs). –The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). Wide-area wireless networks –Connect users to each other and to the Internet over geographically dispersed distances.

26. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 26 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access NETWORK TYPESUB-TYPEMAXIMUM TRANSMISSION SPEED MAXIMUM RANGE Short Range Networks Bluetooth2.1 Mbps (megabits per second) 10 Meter Ultra-wideband (UWB)100 Mbps60 Centimeters Near-Field Communication424 Kbps~20 Centimeters Medium Range Networks Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)300 Mbps600 Feet Wireless Mesh NetworksNode dependent Wide-Area Wireless Networks Cellular Radio384 Kbps – 2Mbps (3G)25 miles Wireless Broadband/ WiMax75 Mbps31 miles

27. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 27 *Short Range Wireless Networks Bluetooth –Can link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits per second. Ultra-wideband –High-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 megabits per second. Near-field Communications –shortest range of any wireless network; designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards.

28. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 28 FitSense: A Personal Area Network

29. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 29 Short Range Wireless Networks- Bluetooth Can link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits per second.

30. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 30 Short Range Wireless Networks- Ultra-Wideband (UWB) High-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 megabits per second. Ultra-wideband has many uses as you can see at the TimeDomain Web site. This article discusses the use of UWB in fire-fighting.article

31. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 31 Short Range Wireless Networks- Near-Field Communications Shortest range of any wireless network; designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards. Near-field communications (NFC) is the enabling technology behind (a) contactless payments with credit cards and (b) the substitution of a cell phone for a credit card (the wave of the future).

32. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 32 The Nokia 6131 phone This video shows the Nokia 6131 phone in action.video The Nokia 6131 NFC-enabled phone, which is used in the video

33. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 33 *Medium Range Wireless Networks Medium-range wireless networks are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs). The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) –Wireless access point a transmitter with an antenna –Hotspot A geographical perimeter with in which a wireless access point provides wireless access for users –Wireless network interface card

34. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 34 Diagram of wireless hotspot The irregularity of the hotspot is a result of intervening buildings, trees, etc. Note the protrusions generally follow streets.

35. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 35 Diagram of wireless hotspot – 3D View Wi-Fi hotspots are three- dimensional and thus, roughly spherical, depending on buildings, trees, etc that weaken the signal. This image shows a schematic of a wireless hotspot at the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco. It is a sphere with a radius of about 100 meters.

36. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 36 Medium Range Wireless Networks- Wireless Mesh Networks Wireless mesh networks use multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide-area network that can be very large. A series of interconnected local area networks.

37. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 37 Example of a mesh network A mesh network from Meraki and one node

38. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 38 Wide-Area Wireless Networks Cellular Radio: use radio waves to provide two-way communication –1st Generation: analog signals and low bandwidth. –2nd Generation: digital signals for voice and data communication up to 10 Kbps. –2.5 Generation: digital voice and data communication up to 144 Kbps. –3rd Generation: digital voice and data communication up to 384 Kbps when device is moving at walking pace; 128 Kbps when moving in car; and 2Mbps when device is stationary. Wireless Broadband or WiMax: access range up to 31 miles and data-transfer rate up to 75 Mbps.

39. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 39 Wide-Area Wireless Networks- Cellular Radio Network

40. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 40 University of Phoenix stadium (IT’s About Business 7.1) P. 212 The stadium uses a distributed antenna system, where relatively low-power antennas are place throughout the facility, rather than having a few high-powered antennas.

41. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 41 Wi-Fi and Wi-Max in Rhode Island (IT’s About Business 7.2) P. 212

42. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 42 7.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce Mobile computing –Refers to real-time, wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet and an intranet. –Has two major characteristics that differentiate it from other forms of computing: Mobility –Users carry a mobile device and can initiate a real- time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be. Broad reach –Users can be reached instantly when they carry an open mobile device.

43. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 43 Mobility And Broad Reach Create four value-added attributes that break the barriers of geography and time: –Ubiquity: mobile device can provide information and communications regardless of user’s location. –Convenience and Instant Connectivity: Internet-enabled mobile device makes it easy and fast to access the Web, intranets, and other mobile devices without booting up a PC or placing a call. –Personalization: information can be customized and sent to individual consumers (e.g., as a short message service). –Localization of products and services: knowing a user’s location helps companies advertise their products and services.

44. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 44 Mobile Commerce Electronic commerce transactions that are conducted in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet. The development of Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) is driven by the following factors: –Widespread availability of mobile devices –No need for a PC –The “Cell phone culture” –Declining prices –Bandwidth improvement

45. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 45 Example of Mobile Commerce Speedpass is a keychain RFID device. When you buy your gas, you simply “wave” your Speedpass near the reader on the gas pump and your credit card is debited. Car key and the Speedpass

46. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 46 Example of Mobile Commerce

47. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 47 Mobile Commerce Applications Financial Services –Mobile Banking –Wireless Electronic Payment Systems –Micropayments –Mobile (Wireless) Wallets –Wireless Bill Payments Accessing Information –Mobile Portal –Voice Portal Location-Based Applications –Shopping from Wireless Devices –Location-based Advertising –Location-based Services

48. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 48 Mobile Commerce Applications - Financial Services Mobile Banking: –Many banks now offer access to financial & account information, the ability to transfer funds, and receive alerts on digital cell phones, smart phones, and PDAs. Wireless Electronic Payment Systems: –These systems transfer mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network. Micropayments: –Electronic payments for small purchase amounts (generally less than $10). Mobile (Wireless) Wallets: –Technologies that allow cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their mobile devices. Wireless Bill Payments: –Services provided by banking institutions that allow customers to pay their bills directly from their cell phones.

49. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 49 Mobile Commerce Applications - Intrabusiness Applications & Accessing Information Mobile Portal: –Aggregates and provides content and services for mobile users that include news, sports, email, entertainment, travel and restaurant information; community services; and stock trading. Voice Portal: –Is a Web site with an audio interface and can also be accessed through a standard phone or cell phone.

50. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 50 Mobile Commerce Applications - Location-Based Applications Shopping from Wireless Devices –Online vendors allow customers to shop from wireless devices. Location-based Advertising –Marketers know the current locations and preferences of mobile users, they can send user-specific advertising messages to wireless devices about nearby shops, malls and restaurants. Location-based Services –Provide information to customers about local services and conditions via cell phones.

51. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 51 Using Google Earth in Location-based Advertising

52. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 52 Other Mobile Computing - Telemedicine Telemedicine predicted in 1924 and today

53. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 53 Other Mobile Computing - Telemetry Applications Telemetry is the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors. –Technicians can use telemetry to identify maintenance problems in equipment; –Doctors can monitor patients and control medical equipment from a distance; –Car manufacturers use telemetry for remote vehicle diagnosis and preventive maintenance.

54. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 54 Other Mobile Computing - Medical Telemetry

55. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 55 Other Mobile Computing - Automotive Telemetry The OnStar system from GM

56. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 56 The Aware System (IT’s About Business 7.3) P. 218 Telemetry in the trucking industry

57. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 57 7.4 Pervasive Computing Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous computing) –Is invisible “everywhere computing” that is embedded in the objects around us – the floors, the lights, our cars, washing machine, microwave oven, cell phones, clothes, and so on. (e.g., smart home, smart appliances) –Two technologies provide the infrastructure for pervasive computing Radio frequency identification (RFID) Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

58. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 58 Infrastructure For Pervasive Computing Radio frequency identification (RFID) –Allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and computer chips on goods and then track their movement through radio signals. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) –Networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors that are placed into the physical environment.

59. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 59 Product with bar code and RFID tag RFID tag Bar code

60. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 60 Anatomy of a Universal Product Code (UPC) a.k.a.; Bar Code RFID was developed to replace bar codes.

61. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 61 Various RFID Tags One issue with RFID has been the tag cost. –today < $0.10 apiece Another issue, size –today typical small size is 0.4mm x 0.4mm

62. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 62 RFID Dust by Hitachi This image shows RFID tags produced by Hitachi that measure.05 by.05 millimeter. They are so small, that they are called RFID dust. Human hair

63. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 63 RFID and Your Privacy

64. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 64 Small RFID Reader and Tag

65. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 65 Small RFID Reader and Tag

66. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 66 Large RFID Reader

67. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 67 RuBee an RFID Alternative RuBee is a wireless networking protocol that relies on magnetic rather than electrical energy. A RuBee tag RuBee signals will go through metal and liquids, where RFID signals will not.

68. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 68 RFID at Selexyz (IT’s About Business 7.4) P. 221 RFID tag on book RFID reader at Selexyz

69. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 69 Infrastructure For Pervasive Computing - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors called motes that are placed into the physical environment. The motes send information to a base computer, which connects to the satellite above. Mote

70. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 70 Inrix traffic system

71. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 71 7.5 Wireless Security Four major threats –Rogue Access Point is an unauthorized access point to a wireless network. –War Driving The act of locating WLANs while driving around a city or elsewhere. –Eavesdropping Refers to efforts by unauthorized users to try to access data traveling over wireless networks. –RF (Radio frequency) Jamming Is when a person or a device intentionally or unintentionally interferes with your wireless network transmissions.

72. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 72 Chapter Closing CaseP. 228