1. Respiratory System

2. Which lung is bigger? Why is it bigger? Which lung is bigger? Why is it bigger? Why does breathing in cold air hurt? Why does breathing in cold air hurt? Can you get sick from breathing in cold air? Can you get sick from breathing in cold air?

3. Function Gas exchange for the body Gas exchange for the body –Supply O 2 –Remove CO 2

4. Structure Two major divisions: Two major divisions: –Upper Respiratory Tract –Lower Respiratory Tract

5. Upper Respiratory Tract Think holes and tubes Think holes and tubes Nasal/oral cavities Nasal/oral cavities Pharynx Pharynx Larynx Larynx Trachea Trachea

6. Upper Respiratory Tract Air is –Filtered –Moistened –Warmed

7. Lower Respiratory Tract Think upside down tree Think upside down tree Bronchi Bronchi Bronchiole Bronchiole Alveoli Alveoli

8. Bronchus vs. Bronchiole Bronchus – lots of cartilage – won’t collapse Bronchus – lots of cartilage – won’t collapse Bronchiole – more muscle – so can dilate and constrict Bronchiole – more muscle – so can dilate and constrict

9. Alveoli 300 million alveoli in each lung 300 million alveoli in each lung Wall is single cell layer thick Wall is single cell layer thick

10. Where does Respiration Occur? Respiration: Respiration: Gas exchange across a membrane Ventilation: Ventilation: Conducting air in/out

11. Which lung is bigger? Why is it bigger? Which lung is bigger? Why is it bigger? Why does breathing in cold air hurt? Why does breathing in cold air hurt? Can you get sick from breathing in cold air? Can you get sick from breathing in cold air?

12. As Nate would say, “I don’t want to breathe anymore…” Ciliated epithelial cells in trachea (250 cilia/cell) Ciliated epithelial cells in trachea (250 cilia/cell) Goblet cells located between these cells produce ½ cup of mucus/day Goblet cells located between these cells produce ½ cup of mucus/day

13. Coughing and Sneezing the cilia beat about 1,000­ 1,500/minute, moving mucus up about 10-20 mm/min (1 mile/week) the cilia beat about 1,000­ 1,500/minute, moving mucus up about 10-20 mm/min (1 mile/week) You cough when nerve endings in the larynx, trachea, or larger bronchi are irritated. You cough when nerve endings in the larynx, trachea, or larger bronchi are irritated. You sneeze when nerve endings at the back of the nasal cavity are irritated. You sneeze when nerve endings at the back of the nasal cavity are irritated.

14. HOW do we breathe? HOW do we breathe? What keeps your lungs from collapsing? What keeps your lungs from collapsing? How MUCH do we breathe? How MUCH do we breathe? How do we TRANSPORT what we breathe? How do we TRANSPORT what we breathe? What makes us take the next breath? What makes us take the next breath?

15. HOW do we breathe? What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

16. HOW do we breathe? Inhaling: 1. Diaphram and intercostal muscles contract – thoracic cavity expands 2. Lungs expand (adhered to walls) 3. Since intrapulmonary volume has increased, pressure ____________. 4. Air is sucked in http://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htm http://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htmhttp://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htm

17. How do we breathe? Exhaling 1. Diaphram and intercostals relax 2. Thoracic/intrapulmonary volume decreases 3. Intrapulmonary pressure is now ______ 4. Gases flow out

18. So what keeps your lungs from collapsing? Intrapleural pressure is always negative Intrapleural pressure is always negative If it equalizes with atmospheric pressure (as in a chest wound), lungs immediately collapse If it equalizes with atmospheric pressure (as in a chest wound), lungs immediately collapse Air in intrapleural space = pneumothorax Air in intrapleural space = pneumothorax

19. How MUCH do we breathe? Tidal volume – normal exhaled breath Tidal volume – normal exhaled breath Vital Capacity – largest exhaled breath Vital Capacity – largest exhaled breath Residual Volume - left over amt after VC Residual Volume - left over amt after VC Total Lung Capacity – RV + VC Total Lung Capacity – RV + VC

20. How MUCH do we breathe?

23. Tidal volume – 500 ml Tidal volume – 500 ml Vital Capacity – 4800 ml Vital Capacity – 4800 ml Residual Volume - 1200 ml Residual Volume - 1200 ml Total Lung Capacity – 6000 ml Total Lung Capacity – 6000 ml

24. How do we TRANSPORT what we breathe? OXYGEN: Transported by hemoglobin (Hb) as oxyhemoglobin (HbO 2 ) Each O 2 attaches to one Heme Each O 2 attaches to one Heme Each RBC has 250 million hemoglobins Each RBC has 250 million hemoglobins

25. How do we TRANSPORT what we breathe? Carbon Dioxide: two methods 1. On the globin of Hb 2. As bicarbonate: CO 2 + H 2 0 H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO3 - This occurs inside the RBC – but then the HCO3 - goes back into the blood plasma. WHY?

26. Carbonic anhydrase Oxyhemoglobin - HbO 2 Oxyhemoglobin - HbO 2 Carbaminohemoglobin - HbCO 2 Carbaminohemoglobin - HbCO 2 Bicarbonate - HCO3 - Bicarbonate - HCO3 -

27. What makes us take the next breath? Too dangerous to wait for O 2 levels to drop Too dangerous to wait for O 2 levels to drop The major stimulus for inspiration is a slight increase in blood acidity: The major stimulus for inspiration is a slight increase in blood acidity: H + + HCO 3 - normoventilation H + + HCO 3 - normoventilation respiratory control respiratory control center in brain center in brain

28. What happens when you hypoventilate? What happens when you hypoventilate? What happens when you hyperventilate? What happens when you hyperventilate?

29. What Is Asthma? Spasmodic contraction of bronchi Spasmodic contraction of bronchi Bronchial swelling Bronchial swelling Increased production of mucus Increased production of mucus

30. What is bronchitis? bronchi are inflamed and swollen bronchi are inflamed and swollen mucus is hypersecreted mucus is hypersecreted Why? Why?

31. What is emphysema? Airways are permanently damaged Airways are permanently damaged Alveoli are permanently damaged Alveoli are permanently damaged Reduced ability to exchange gases Reduced ability to exchange gases

33. Diphtheria