2.  Two Treatises of Government (1689)  English philosopher & physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.  Known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism."  Important to social contract theory.  Natural rights to “ life, liberty, and property,“  “Separation of church and state.”  Believed that natural rights were inalienable.  Government is responsible for protecting the people’s rights.  The people have the right to change their government.  “the power of the ruler is delegated by the people and continues only with their consent."

3.  Leviathan (1651)  Discusses the origin of centralized government  Explains the “social contract” theory  Early humans gave up a “state of nature” for government’s protection

4.  The Spirit of the Laws (1748)  Classified government into three types:  Monarchies  Republics  Despotisms  Developed the concept of separation of powers – Three branches of government.

5.  Known as Voltaire  A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit,  He advocated:  freedom of religion,  freedom of expression,  separation of church and state.

6.  A Swiss philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century.  Rousseau's most important work, The Social Contract,  by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free.

7.  Borrowed heavily from Locke’s concepts of natural rights  Designates government as protector of these rights

8. An Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, and politician best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which condemned torture and the death penalty,

9.  Developed theory of universal gravitation  Applied reason and rationality to natural phenomena  Inspired others thinkers with the idea of the universe having natural laws

10.  Wrote Don Quixote, the first modern novel that became an international best-seller.

11.  English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.  He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

12.  A German composer and musician of the Baroque period.  His music is revered for its technical command, artistic beauty, and intellectual depth.  He is generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time.

13.  A prolific and influential composer of the Classical era.  He composed over 600 works

14.  A Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy.  Father of modern Economics  Famous for his book The Wealth of Nations  laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory.  rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity.

15.  A German philosopher, economist, sociologist, and revolutionary socialist.  laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor & its relation to capital.  Published numerous books, including The Communist Manifesto & Das Kapital  States, were run on behalf of the ruling class and in their interest while representing it as the common interest of all.  capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism.