1. Chapter 29 Seedless Plants: Bryophytes and Ferns
AP Biology
Chapter 29
Seedless Plants: Bryophytes and Ferns

2. Objectives
1. Name the protist group from which plants are hypothesized to have descended, and describe supporting evidence.
2. Discuss some environmental challenges of living on land, and describe how several adaptations meet these challenges.
3. Summarize the features that distinguish bryophytes from green algae and from other plants.
4. Name and briefly describe the three phyla of bryophytes.

3. Algae Plantlike (autotrophic) protists Unicellular or Colonial
Aquatic (live in water)
The Chlorophytes (green algae) appear to be ancestral to the plants

4. Phylogeny of the Plants

5. Terrestrial (Land) Plants
The move from aquatic habitat to land creates a number of problems:
Protection against drying
Transport of sperm to egg
Structural support
Plants that have specialized adaptations to solve these problems can live in drier environments, while those that do not are restricted to moist environments

6. Protection against drying
Water loss in plants is called Transpiration
Terrestrial plants are protected against transpiration by:
Epidermis
Waxy “cuticle”
Stomata

7. Transport of sperm to egg
Algae and aquatic plants, since they live in water, have a natural unbroken water pathway for sperm to swim to the egg
Seedless plants can only reproduce sexually under moist conditions. The “gametophyte” is low to the ground and only grows in moist habitats
Seed plants are less restricted because they provide an internal water pathway in a specialized “pollen tube”

8. Structural Support
Algae and aquatic plants are supported by the buoyancy of the water they live in.
Bryophytes, which lack strong supportive tissues, are very small and low to the ground
Tracheophytes, supported by a series of hollow tubes with thickened cell walls, can grow much taller

9. And now, some video.
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10. Distinguishing Plants from Algae
Alternation of Generations
Multicellular, dependent embryo
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical meristems
See pages in textbook

11. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte (n) produces gametes (n)
Gametes fuse to form zygote (2n)
Zygote develops into a dependent, multicellular embryo (2n)
Embryo grow into the sporophyte (2n)
Sporophyte produces spores (n) by meiosis
Spores grow and develop forming the gametophyte (n)

12. Multicellular Embryo
The zygote will develop into an embryo within the parent plant
The parent provides protection and nourishment

13. Spores and Sporangia
Haploid spores will be produced in specialized organs on the sporophyte generation plant called sporangia
The spores are protected by a protective wall

14. Gametangia (produce gametes)
Moss Archegonium – Note the mature eggs
Moss Antheridium – will produce
sperm cells

15. Apical Meristem
Growth of multicellular organisms begins with cells that have not yet differentiated.
In plants, undifferentiated tissue is called meristem.
Meristem tissue at the tip (apex) of a root or shoot is “apical” meristem

16. Bryophytes Lack vascular tissue Reproduce with spores Mosses
Liverworts

17. Classes of Bryophytes

18. Bryophyte Classes
Hornworts
Liverworts
Mosses
See page 608 in Textbook

19. Objectives
5. Describe the life cycle of mosses, and compare their gametophyte and sporophyte generations.
6. Discuss the features that distinguish ferns and other seedless vascular plants from algae and bryophytes.
7. Describe the life cycle of ferns, and compare their sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
8. Compare the generalized life cycles of homosporous and heterosporous plants.
9. Name and briefly describe the four phyla of seedless vascular plants.

20. Life Cycle of Mosses

21. Mosses – Comparing generations
Sporophyte Generation
Temporary
Dependent upon the gametophyte
Taller, grows from the top of the gametophyte
Not photosynthetic
Gametophyte Generation
Permanent/Long lived
Independent
Shorter, grows from the soil/anchored with rhizoids
Photosynthetic

22. Tracheophytes – Vascular plants
Vascular tissue provides advantages
Efficient transport of water and nutrients
Structural support

23. Tracheophyte phylogeny
Tracheophytes include all plants with vascular tissue
The tracheophytes are subdivided into seedless plants and seed plants
Seed plants are subdivided into gymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants)

24. Vascular Seedless Plants
Ferns and Horsetails
Have vascular tissue
Reproduce with Spores

25. Fern Life Cycle
The gametophyte generation is small, flat and nonvascular, resembling a liverwort
The gametophyte dies once the sporophyte is established
The sporophyte is the prominent generation
Vascular
Long lived

26. Ferns – Comparing Generations
Sporophyte
Permanent/Long lived
Independent once established
Produces a rhizome for storage and asexual reproduction
Forms “fronds”
Gametophyte
Temporary, dies once the sporophyte is established
Nonvascular, small and low to the ground
Resembles liverwort
Flattened form captures and holds water

27. Homosporous and Heterosporous
Homosporous Plants
Most seedless vascular plants
Single type of spore
Spores give rise to monoecious (bisexual) gametophytes
Heterosporous Plants
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants
Two types of sporangia, each producing a different type of spore
Megaspores give rise to the female gametophyte
Microspores give rise to the male gametophyte

28. Seedless Vascular Plants
Lycophytes
Most ancient group of vascular plants
“club mosses” and “spike mosses”
Superficially resemble mosses, but vascular
Whisk Ferns
Branching stems, but no roots
Horsetails
Photosynthetic stems with rings of branches or small leaves
Ferns
Horizontal stems with large “fronds” divided into leaflets

29. Lycophytes

30. Whisk Ferns

31. Horsetails

32. Ferns

33. Chapter 30 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
AP Biology
Chapter 30
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

34. Chapter 30 Objectives
1. Compare the features of seeds with those of spores and discuss the advantages of plants that reproduce primarily by seeds rather than by spores. 2. Trace the steps in the life cycle of a pine, and compare its sporophyte and gametophyte generations. 3. Summarize the features that distinguish gymnosperms from bryophytes and ferns. 4. Name and briefly describe the four phyla of gymnosperms.

35. Seed Plants Seeds provide many advantages over spores
Multicellular embryo
Stored food
Protection
Mechanisms for dispersal
Flowering Plants – Apple seeds
Conifers – Pine seeds

36. Life Cycle Trends
Alternation of generations continues in the seed plants, but the gametophyte is diminished to the point of being microscopic
By enclosing the gametophyte entirely within the sporangium, the need for a film of water for transport of sperm is eliminated. The pathway is fully enclosed.
Motility in sperm is lost in most seed plants and diminished in others

37. Life Cycle of the Pine The Pine tree is the sporophyte generation
Gymnosperms are heterosporous. The megasporangium is located in an ovulate cone. The microsporangium is in a pollen cone.
The female gametophyte develops entirely within the megasporangium
The male gametophyte is enclosed within the pollen grain

38. Gymnosperm Life Cycle

39. Microsporangium
The pollen cone contains microsporangia, which will produce the pollen grains
The male gametophyte is within the pollen grain

40. Megasporangium The ovulate cone contains the megasporangium
The female gametophyte is enclosed within it
Pollination results in the growth of a pollen tube into the ovule, directly depositing a sperm cell

41. Same deal, different diagram

42. Evolutionary significance
The gymnosperms had advantages over seedless plants:
With the gametophyte protected and sperm delivered directly by the pollen tube, gymnosperms were able to survive in much drier environments than any of the seedless plants.
The climate became drier in the Mesozoic, giving the advantage not only to the gymnosperms, but also to the reptiles over the amphibians

43. Concept check 30.1 p. 621
Contrast sperm delivery in seedless plants with sperm delivery in seed plants
What features not present in seedless plants have contributed to the enourmous success of seed plants on land?
If a seed could not enter dormancy, how might that affect the embryo’s transport or survival?

44. Gymnosperms Vascular, seed producing plants
“naked seed” – seeds are not completely enclosed by the ripened ovary
Generally have needle-like (pines) or scale-like (cedars) leaves

45. Gymnosperm Phylogeny (p. 622-3)
Cycads
Resemble palms, but are gymnosperms. The cycads were the prominent large plants of the mesozoic
Gnetophytes
Ginkgoes
A deciduous gymnosperm, only one species still exists
Conifers
Pines, spruce, redwoods The most diverse group of gymnosperms

46. Chapter 30 Objectives
5. Summarize the features that distinguish flowering plants from other plants 6. Diagram the parts of a flower. Describe the structure and function of each part 7. Briefly explain the life cycle of a flowering plant and describe double fertilization.

47. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
Vascular seed plants
Have a wide variety of adaptations for transferring pollen
Seeds mature inside of the ripened ovary of the flower, forming “fruit” which protects, nourishes, and aids dispersal of the seeds

48. Parts of a Flower

49. What parts can you recognize?

50. Double Fertilization
Double fertilization occurs only in the angiosperms
The pollen grain will produce 2 sperm cells, one which will fertilize the egg to form the zygote (2n) and another which will fertilize the diploid female gametophyte, producing a triploid cell which will form the endosperm

51. The Endosperm and Cotyledons
The endosperm contains stored food (mostly starch) which will contribute to the early growth of the embryo
The endosperm will form either 1 or 2 seed leaves called cotyledons
Angiosperms are categorized as either monocots or dicots based on the number of cotyledons

52. Angiosperm life cycle

53. Chapter 30 Objectives
8. Define fruit. Discuss adaptive advantages of fruits. Give examples 9. Contrast dicots and monocots, the two classes of flowering plants. 10. Discuss the evolutionary adaptations of flowering plants. 11. Summarize the evolution of gymnosperms from seedless vascular plants, and trace the evolution of flowering plants from gymnosperms

54. Fruit Fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower
Fruit may contain stored food and moisture
Fruit provides a mechanism for seed dispersal

55. Monocots vs. Dicots

56. Monocots vs. Dicots

57. Advantages of Flowering Plants
Many flowering plants attract animal pollinators, which increase the likelihood of pollen grains actually resulting in pollination
Seeds of flowering plants contain far more stored food than the seeds of gymnosperms. The endosperm provides for rapid growth of the embryo after germination
Fruit facilitates seed dispersal through a wide variety of mechanisms: wind, water, animals

58. Trends in Plant Evolution
Animal pollinators greatly increase the rate of cross-pollination, which in turn increases the amount of genetic recombination and variation that occurs within a species
Greater variation results in both more opportunities for adaptation and a more rapid rate of evolution
The connection between flower and pollinator results in co-evolution. The flower and the pollinator both evolve in relation to each other

59. Pollinator/Flower Coevolution
Wasp mimicry
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The hoverfly
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Overdramatic artistic pollinator representation

60. Concept Check 30.3 p. 632
It has been said that an oak is an acorn’s way of making more acorns. Write an explanation that includes these terms: Sporophyte, gametophyte, ovule, seed, ovary and fruit
Compare and contrast a pine cone and a flower in terms of structure and function

61. Concept Check 30.3 p. 632
3. Do speciation rates in closely related clades of flowering plants show that flower shape is correlated with the rate at which new species form, or that flower shape is responsible for this rate? Explain.