1. Starts on page 358 – complete the necessary vocabulary on Biotechnology Flashcard Set Worksheet. Due Tomorrow! Biotechnology Quiz Friday (20-25 Questions)

2. Biotechnology Vocabulary Comprehension What does it mean??? Take a minute to define the following: ▫Transcription ▫Transpiration ▫Transplant ▫Transportation ▫Translucent ▫Transverse (think of inverse or reverse) ▫Transaction ▫Transatlantic Hint: Trans- over, across, beyond, or through, into a changed form, or on the other side of

3. So what might these mean? Translocation mutation Bacterial transformation Transgenic organism

4. DNA Technology

5. Selective Breeding – Genetic Manipulation A method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation. ▫Nearly all domestic animals including horses, dogs, cats, and farm animals ▫Most crop plants Of dissimilar individuals, called hybridization Of similar individuals, called inbreeding

8. DNA Technology

9. Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering – direct manipulation of an organism’s genes Also known as ▫Genetic Modification or Manipulation ▫Recombinant DNA Technology ▫Gene Splicing Two Main Techniques ▫Gene Cloning ▫Transformation

10. Tools of Genetic Engineering Restriction enzymes – cut DNA at specific place in the code Gene Splicing – recombines DNA from different sources Vectors and plasmids – harvest DNA for cloning

11. Recombinant DNA A transgenic, or genetically modified, organism is one that has been altered through recombinant DNA technology, which involves either the combining of DNA from different genomes or the insertion of foreign DNA into a genome.

12. Applications of recombinant DNA technology Practical Applications: ▫Agriculture - Herbicide, pesticide and insect resistant crops ▫Medicine - Bacteria that produce human insulin Impractical Applications: ▫Glow in the dark organisms

13. What can DNA Fingerprints be used for? Paternity/maternity tests To determine if a suspect was at a crime scene To identify a murder victim To identify a soldier killed in the line of duty To determine identity

14. DNA Fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting identifies differences between individuals’ genetic makeup to establish identity or relationships. ▫Small amounts of DNA are extracted from blood, saliva, hair, urine, etc. ▫PCR is used to increase the quantity of DNA ▫DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes ▫DNA is run through a gel electrophoresis ▫Banding pattern is analyzed

15. DNA Extraction DNA is extracted from cells by a simple chemical procedure. The cells are opened and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts. DNA is extracted from human cells for a variety of reasons. With a pure sample of DNA you can test a newborn for a genetic disease, analyze forensic evidence, or study a gene involved in cancer DNA Extraction

16. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene! PCR is a relatively simple and inexpensive tool that you can use to focus in on a segment of DNA and copy it billions of times over. PCR is used every day to diagnose diseases, identify bacteria and viruses, match criminals to crime scenes, and in many other ways. PCR Lab

17. Cutting and Separating DNA DNA molecules are too large to be analyzed so we cut them into smaller pieces. Biologists use restriction enzymes to cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides. Scientists separate DNA using a procedure called Gel Electrophoresis.

18. Gel Electrophoresis Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel. DNA is negative so it moves toward the positive end of the gel Larger fragments are heavier and move less, smaller fragments are lighter and move more. Electrophoresis Lab

19. Analyzing Gel Electrophoresis Of the 3 suspects, which suspect best matches the DNA found at the crime scene?

20. Other Types of DNA Technology

21. Stem Cells Stem cells have the ability to develop into any type of cell (totipotent) ▫Treat disease or injury ▫Creating cells for tissues without rejection ▫Medical Testing

22. Cloning Creating a genetically identical copy of something (ex. a DNA strand, a cell, an organ or an entire organism). Why? ▫To create identical cells for research purposes ▫To maintain a genetically desirable species of plant or animal ▫To create a missing organ or tissue for treatment of human diseases ▫To save endangered or extinct species

23. DNA Microarray DNA microarray analysis is one of the fastest- growing new technologies in the field of genetic research. Used to measure the expression of genes – aka whether a gene is turned On/Off ▫Can be used to compare differences between healthy cells and cancer cells

24. In the Market: Biotech Old and New TodayTomorrow Baby whole carrotsSeedless mini-melon Tomatoes that stay fresh up to two weeksSweeter peas and peppers High-Laurate Oil a raw material used in soaps, detergents and cocoa butter replacement fats Low-Saturate Oil a healthier salad and cooking oil from rapeseed plants Bst-stimulated Milk A growth hormone called Bst has been introduced in cows to stimulate milk production. A gene with the recipe for Bst was inserted in bacteria. Colored Cotton color-producing genes from bacteria are introduced in cotton genes. This will mean fewer dyes are needed, reducing environmental pollution. Eggs vaccinated while still in the shell against a common virus Salmon faster-growing salmon Insulin a hormone for diabetics, who are unable to produce the hormone to break down sugar. Produced by genetically- engineering bacteria. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) a natural human protein that dissolves blood clots, used when a heart attack occurs, allowing blood to flow. Used currently in hospitals but patients may be able to use it themselves one day. Hepatitis B VaccineAIDS Vaccine Aspire TM a biofungicide used on citrus fruits, berries, and grapes to prevent postharvest rot. It is a naturally occurring yeast, harmless to non-targeted organisms. Insect-protected corn and potato genetically improved plants to control the European corn borer and the Colorado potato beetle Methane gas a biogas that can be obtained from microbial fermentation of domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastes WHAT DO YOU THINK?

25. DNA Technology Webquest Today you will explore different types of DNA technology using online simulations. You must complete the worksheet for the webquest (on my website) and submit to student portal to receive credit. Answers may be typed directly into the answer document.