1. Research Ethics Dr Jennie Louise Discipline of Philosophy jennie.louise@adelaide.edu.au

2. Ethical Conduct of Research Conducting ethical research An essential learning skill promoted in SACE Responsibility of teachers and students to ensure ethical conduct in research projects What is ethical conduct in research? What ethical issues arise in research projects?

3. The Role of Researcher Research is a social practice The practice of research has defined aims To produce knowledge and discover the truth This benefits society Researchers have a defined role Certain privileges: e.g. regarded as experts, status, autonomy, access to information The role therefore has corresponding duties

4. Ethical Duties in Research Researchers have an ethical responsibility to conduct research in a way which can achieve the goals of research while producing benefits and avoiding harms Analogy: playing a game - you should try to win, but you have to play within the rules! Research which is unethically conducted Fails to achieve the aims of the practice Causes harm which is not outweighed by the benefits produced

5. Causes of Unethical Conduct Ignorance Fail to identify or take seriously an ethical problem Not knowing appropriate practices/procedures Perverse Incentives Pressure to get results, finish on time, get good marks Lack of an ethical culture No reflection on ethical implications of research ‘Following the rules’ instead of commitment to ethical conduct

6. General Principles of Research Ethics Integrity Commitment to search for truth and knowledge Beneficence and non-maleficence Produce benefits, and avoid or minimise harms Respect for persons Treat others as autonomous agents Justice Ensure benefits and burdens of research are fairly distributed

7. SACE Guidelines: Integrity …but also plagiarism, interpretation of results, etc.

8. SACE Guidelines: Beneficence and Non- Maleficence

9. SACE Guidelines: Respect for Persons

10. SACE Guidelines: Justice

11. Integrity Necessary to achieve the aims of research, to produce benefits and avoid harms Fraudulent or biased results don’t produce knowledge, can cause harm Ensure that other motivations don’t undermine good research For prestige, good marks, etc. Understand the reasons for the rules and their importance

12. Integrity: Specific Ethical Problems Plagiarism, failure to acknowledge sources Bad/biased methodology or study design Cherry-picking, fabrication, fraud, bias Sloppy or careless research practice Lack of transparency or accountability

13. Respect for Persons Treat others as autonomous agents No treating others as mere means Potential benefits of research do not justify failure to respect persons Failure to respect persons counts as a harm Sensitivity to others’ beliefs and values Even if you think they’re misguided or wrong Respect others’ free choices Even if you don’t agree with them!

14. Respect for Persons: Informed Consent All participants must give fully informed and fully voluntary consent Must understand the nature and purpose of the research Must be informed of any risks or harms No coercion or undue influence (including indirect pressure to participate) Free to withdraw at any time, without giving a reason

15. Respect for Persons: Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable groups Have impaired capacity to give adequate informed consent Are unable, or less able, to protect their own interests Require special protections and caution Extra care given to ensuring understanding Negotiation and involvement Special thought to possible harms

16. Confidentiality, Privacy All information about research subjects must be kept confidential Even if you don’t think it matters Explicit consent of participants must be given before sharing their information Attention and care to secure storage of data, procedures for handling information Guard against accidental violation as well as deliberate violation (e.g. talking to friends)

17. Beneficence and Non- Maleficence Produce benefits by research (less relevant here, but producing well-trained researchers is a benefit) Avoid harms from research Physical harms Psychological or emotional harms Social/cultural harms Reflect on the consequences of the project and its results

18. Beneficence/Non-Maleficence: Specific Ethical Issues Interview or Survey Design Could it lead to biased or distorted results? Could the questions cause distress, discomfort or emotional harm? Controversial topics Is the topic one which cannot realistically be researched in an unbiased, objective way? Failure to protect confidentiality/privacy

19. Justice Benefits and burdens of research must be fairly distributed Not OK to place a burden on one group in order to produce a benefit for another Especially important for vulnerable populations These are often‘over-researched’ Research designed to meet our needs, not theirs Researchers as well as participants!

20. Case Study 1 Justin is doing his research project on wind turbine design and location. His father is a senior manager in an engineering company with contracts for wind turbine construction. Justin’s father asks an engineer on the wind turbine team to help Justin with his project. The engineer spends a great deal of time with Justin, showing him his work, explaining technical issues and helping him locate literature.

21. Case Study 1: Ethical Issues Possible indirect coercive influence on the engineer to help Justin Will the engineer be appropriately acknowledged for his assistance? Importance of avoiding plagiarism or unattributed content when he writes up his project

22. Case Study 2 Molly wants to do her research project on eating disorders in teenage girls. She is planning to give a survey to her classmates and her friends outside school, which asks them (for example) whether they engage in binge- eating behaviour, self-induced vomiting, as well as about their body image and self- esteem.

23. Ethical Issues: Case Study 2 Potential for harm to participants Questionnaire may cause/uncover psychological distress - can this be appropriately managed? Confidentiality and privacy Highly sensitive information: how will she ensure this remains confidential? (Could her subjects be identified from her project even if not explicitly named?) Indirect pressure on friends to participate Potential for biased or unreliable results Personal relationship with subjects may affect interpretation of data or honest reporting Not a properly chosen/representative sample