1. Muscles & Movement
Movement Studies 2009/10
MS 2009/10

2. Learning Outcomes Describe the different types of muscle attachment
Explain how muscles can contribute to movement and stability
Perform movement analyses in terms of:
the functional relationship of relevant muscles
the type of muscle contraction
the ‘range’ a muscle is working in/through
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3. Muscles What do we need muscles for?
Think of 3 roles muscles have in the body
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4. Skeletal Muscle Are all skeletal muscles the same shape?
How does the structure of skeletal muscle relate to its function?
Palpate the following muscles on yourselves and try and determine what they feel like
Are they the same shape/thickness?
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5. a c e d b
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6. Muscular Attachments
Going back to our muscle examples what do you think they attach to?
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7. Muscular Attachments 1. Tendons E.g. Achilles tendon
E.g. Biceps tendon
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8. Muscular Attachments II. Aponeuroses
Sheets of collagen- connective tissue providing muscular attachment
E.g. External Oblique
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9. Muscular Attachments III. Deep Fascia Compact collagen fibres
More uniform direction
E.g Tensor fascia latae
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10. Muscle attachments
IV. Fleshy
Muscle directly into bone
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11. Muscle Action
For each of the joints listed name the key muscle groups which perform the movements at that joint with their approximate location and an example
E.g. the hip flexors are located on the anterior surface of the hip joint and thigh and include iliopsoas
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
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12. Hip Knee Ankle Shoulder Elbow Wrist
Flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, rotators
Knee
Flexors, extensors
Ankle
Dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, invertors, evertors
Shoulder
Flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, rotators
Elbow
Flexors, extensors
Wrist
Flexors, extensors, deviators
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13. Muscle Activity What happens to a muscle when it is activated?
Shortens?
Lengthens?
Stays the same?
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14. Concentric
Muscle tension exceeds resistance and it shortens the muscle
Speed of muscle fibre shortening depends on resistance
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15. Eccentric
Muscle tension is less than the resistance causing the muscle to lengthen whilst working
Tension developed is less than the resistance
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16. Isometric Muscle does not change in length
Tension produced never exceeds resistance
Which muscle group is working hardest in this example?
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17. Muscle Contraction
Why are there different types of muscle contraction?
Straighten your leg while sitting: Which muscles are working?
What sort of muscle work is occurring in the quadriceps and hamstrings?
Where might isometric muscle contraction be happening?
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18. Analysis of Movement
Look at each other walking: Analyse the movement in terms of:
Identifying the main muscles working at the hip and knee during gait
Identifying the type of contraction in each muscle group i.e. concentric, eccentric, or isometric
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19. Muscle Function
As you raise your leg to place your foot on a step several different muscles are working
Are they all functioning in the same way?
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20. Group Action of Muscles
Muscles work in groups not singly
A number of muscles are active during any movement
It is this group action which results in co- ordinated movement
Muscles can be divided by function into prime movers/agonists, antagonists or fixators
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21. Functional muscle groups
Prime mover/agonist
A muscle or muscle group which contracts to bring about movement
Antagonists
A muscle or muscle group which opposes the prime mover and relaxes and lengthens progressively to control movement
Fixators
Muscles which work to steady the origin of the prime mover
Synergists
Special form of fixator
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22. Muscle Range
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‘Musculoskeletal Assessment’ Clarkson

23. Ranges of biceps muscle work
Hold arm out straight and then move hand to shoulder?
Where in range is your biceps muscle?
Take your arm back out to 90º now where in range are your biceps?
Now straighten fully – where in range are your biceps
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24. Ranges of iliopsoas* muscle work
Iliacus and psoas major work together functionally  iliopsoas
Sit on a plinth—where in range is your iliopsoas?
Lean forwards—where in range is your iliopsoas?
Stand up and straighten fully—where in range is your iliopsoas?
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25. IMPORTANCE OF MUSCLE RANGE
Why is it important to know where in range a muscle is working?
Inner range – often weak
Middle range – often used for muscle testing
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26. Tasks There are four tasks for you to work through
Divide into 5 groups
Use the texts available
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27. Task 1 Sit down from standing
Which lower limb muscle group is predominant in producing this movement?
How would you describe the type of muscle contraction in this muscle group?
What is the function of this muscle group?
In which range is the muscle group contracting at the start of the movement?
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28. Task 2 Stand on your left leg and flex your right knee
Which muscle group produces knee flexion?
Which muscle group is working as an antagonist?
What type of muscle contraction describes the right iliopsoas activity?
How would you classify the iliopsoas function in this case?
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29. Task 3 In standing raise your right foot on to a small step.
In which range are the quadriceps working the knee?
In which range are the hamstrings working at the knee?
Where in range do the quadriceps exert the greatest force?
Which muscles are working as stabilisers?
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30. Task 4 During a normal gait cycle look at dorsiflexion of the ankle
Where in range do the dorsiflexors contract concentrically?
Classify the type/s of contraction and function of the dorsiflexors that occur during the cycle?
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31. Muscle Assessment
Physios assess muscles for strength, length and control – these skills will be taught in NMS1
One means of grading muscle power is the Oxford or MRC grading scale
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32. Oxford/MRC grading scale
Grade
Muscle Activity
No contraction 1
Flicker/trace contraction 2
Active movement with gravity eliminated 3
Active movement against gravity 4
Active movement against gravity and resistance 5
Normal power
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33. Conclusion
Make sure you are happy that the learning outcomes have been met
Familiarise yourself with the main muscles of the hip and knee and how their attachments vary – relate this to their function
Use your bones to determine where the muscles attach
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