1. Chapter 3, pp 50-68: Child Development Lectures 17 & 18

2. Learning Outcomes Explain prenatal development and the role that sex hormones play. Explain the physical, cognitive, moral, social, and emotional development of children.

3. Learning Outcomes Explain the physical, cognitive, moral, social and emotional development of adolescents.

4. Truth or Fiction?  Your heart started beating when you were only one-fifth of an inch long and weighed a fraction of an ounce.  Prior to 6 months or so of age, “out of sight” is literally “out of mind.”

5. Prenatal Development

6. 1. Developmental Psychology: Basic Issues and Methodology Developmental Psychology –Some study particular age group –Others - physical development, cognitive or language development, emotional or moral development. Nurture or nature controversy –The best nurturing environment cannot produce Albert Einstein –Resilience, Vulnerability and protective factors Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies

7. 2. Prenatal Development Three Stages: Germinal stage, Embryonic stage, and Fetal Germinal Stage (1 to 2 weeks) –Conception through implantation –Zygote divides rapidly and becomes implanted in the uterine wall –At the end of 2 weeks, zygote is the size of the period at the end of this sentence.

8. 3. Prenatal Development Embryonic Stage (3 to 8 weeks) –Major organ systems are formed 4 th week- a primitive heart begins to beat Facial futures distinct, (embryo 1 inch long and 1/30 th to 1/7 th of an ounce) –Genetic code (XX or XY) causes sex organs to differentiate Y sex chromosome – testes form and produce androgens

9. 4. Prenatal Development Embryonic Stage –Embryo is suspended in amniotic sac w/fluid Nutrients and wastes are exchanged with mother through placenta Embryo is connected to placenta by umbilical cord

10. 12 weeks/ the end of first trimester Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth 38 weeks) –Characterized by maturation and gains in size –Rapid growth and further development of the body structures, organs, and systems. –By the end of 3 rd month fingers and toes are formed –In the middle of 4 th month, the mother detects the first fetal movements –The fetus opens and shuts its eyes, sucks its thumb, alternates between periods of being awake and sleeping, and responds to light and sound (25 th week)

11. 5. Prenatal Development Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth 38 weeks) –Characterized by maturation and gains in size –Rapid growth and further development of the body structures, organs, and systems. –By the end of 3 rd month fingers and toes are formed –In the middle of 4 th month, the mother detects the first fetal movements –The fetus opens and shuts its eyes, sucks its thumb, alternates between periods of being awake and sleeping, and responds to light and sound (25 th week)

12. 6. Negative Influences on Prenatal Development Maternal Diseases/Conditions –Diabetes-growth abnormalities –Rubella-heart defects, blindness, deafness –Herpes-nerve damage; transmitted to fetus –HIV-transmitted to fetus –Chicken pox- scars, eye damage Drugs Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Cocaine- prematurity, physical defects, sleep diff. Marijuana-tremors

13. Childhood

14. 7. Physical Development Reflexes –Inborn, unlearned, automatic responses elicited by specific stimuli Rooting and sucking, withdrawal, blinking, grasping Video CD1 #14 Motor Development –Brain maturation and environmental factors

15. M.D.

16. 8. Physical Development Perceptual Development –Within days, infant can track moving light –2-month prefer human face as visual stimuli Fixation time – measure of visual preference –Perceive depth about time begin crawling Visual cliff experiments (Gibson and Walk (1960))

17. Two-Month-Olds’ Preferences for Visual Stimuli

18. 9. Physical Development Perceptual Development –Newborns hear normally; prefer mother’s voice Show no preference for father’s voice

19. PLAY VIDEO Newborns and Infants: Sensation and Perception

20. 10. Attachment Emotional tie formed between infant and caregiver –Failure to develop attachment seriously compromises later development Why? Harry Harlow experiments (videos 12 A,B,C,) Mary Salter Ainsworth Behavior that defines attachment –Attempts to maintain contact –Anxiety when separated –Stranger anxiety

21. 11. Attachment Strange Situation –Method to assess infants’ response to separations and reunions with caregivers and a stranger Three Types of Attachment –Secure attachment –Avoidant attachment –Ambivalent/resistant attachment

22. 12. Stages of Attachment Initially infants show indiscriminate attachment Beginning about 4 months of age –Initial-preattachment phase, indiscriminate –Attachment-in-the-making phase –Clear-cut-attachment phase Fear of strangers – 8 to 10 months

23. 13. Theoretical Views of Attachment Behaviorists viewed attachment as learned behavior based on caregiver’s attention Harry F. Harlow –Inborn need for contact comfort

24. 14. Theoretical Views of Attachment Konrad Lorenz (1981) –Ethologist – attachment is an instinct –Critical period –Imprinting Ainsworth and Bowlby –Attachment is instinctive in humans

25. 15. Cognitive Development The way in which children mentally represent and think about the world –Jean Piaget – Cognitive-development theory –Lev Vygotsky – Sociocultural theory –Lawrence Kohlberg – Theory of moral development

26. 16. Piaget’s Cognitive-Development Theory Schema –“Mental structure” in organizing knowledge Assimilation –Respond to new stimuli through existing habit Accommodation –Create new ways of responding to objects

27. 17. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, & Formal Operational Stages Sensorimotor Stage –Object Permanence Before 6 months of age does not mentally represent objects

28. PLAY VIDEO Object Permanence

29. 18. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory Preoperational Stage (approx. from 2 to 7 y.o.) –Use words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them –Think one dimensionally, reversibility is not understood –Egocentrism –Animism –Artificialism –Conservation is absent (play video) Objective Responsibility

30. 13. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory Preoperational Stage (approx. from 2 to 7 y.o.) –Use words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them –Think one dimensionally –Egocentrism –Animism –Artificialism –Conservation Objective Responsibility

31. PLAY VIDEO Piaget’s Conservation Experiment

32. 19. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 ) –Beginning of capacity for adult logic around tangible objects, but not abstract ideas. –Decentration (Video) –Reversibility Subjective Moral Judgment

33. PLAY VIDEO Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

34. 20. Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory Piaget tended to underestimate children’s abilities Egocentrism and conservation appear to be more continuous than Piaget thought Developmental sequences do not vary

35. 21. Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Continuous theory focused on influence of culture and children’s interactions with elders Zone of proximal development (ZPD) Scaffolding Children internalize explanations that encourage skill development

36. 22. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Use of “moral dilemma” story to explore reasoning of right and wrong Stage theory with a specific sequence

37. 23. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Preconventional Level –Base judgment on consequences of behavior Stage 1 – Obedience and avoid punishment Stage 2 – Good behavior allows people to satisfy their needs

38. 24. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Conventional Level –Base judgment on conformity to conventional standards of right and wrong Stage 3 – Good-boy orientation Stage 4 – Judgments are based on rules that maintain social order

39. 25. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Postconventional Level-moral conduct id under internal control –Stage 5: respect for individual rights and laws that are democratically agreed on. Rational valuing of the wishes of the majority and general welfare. Society is best served if the citizen obey the law. –Stage 6: The morality of universal ethical principles. The person acts according to internal standards, independent of legal restrictions or options of others.

40. 26. Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Research suggests moral reasoning does follow a sequence Most people do not reach postconventional level (consistent with formal operational thought) Kohlberg underestimated the influence of social institutions and parents

41. 27. Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development (Lifespan) Eight stages that represent life crises –Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 year) –Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3) –Industry versus Inferiority (6 to puberty) –Identity versus Role Confusion (adolescence) –Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood 20s-30s) –Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) –Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

42. 28. Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind’s styles of parenting –Connection between parental behavior and development of instrumental competence Four aspects of parental behavior –Strictness; –Demands for child to achieve intellectual, emotional and social maturity; –Communication ability; –Warmth and involvement

43. 29. Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind’s styles of parenting –Authoritative –Authoritarian –Permissive –Uninvolved

44. Adolescence

45. 30. Physical Development Growth spurt Puberty is the period when the body becomes sexually mature –Begins with appearance of secondary sex characteristics (body hair, change voice in male, testosterone, estrogen - rounding of the breasts and hips in female,) –Menarche Usually occurs between 11 and 14 Timing of puberty influence self-esteem, body image, confidence, but sometimes negative consequences

46. 31. Cognitive Development Piaget’s Formal Operations Stage –Classification, logical thought, ability to hypothesis –Abstract thinking –Able to deal with hypothetical situations Metamemory Effective learners Adolescent Egocentrism –Imaginary Audience –Personal Fable

47. PLAY VIDEO Abstraction and Hypothetical Propositions

48. 32. Moral Reasoning Kohlberg’s Postconventional Level –Many people do not reach this level –Judgment is based on person’s own moral standards –Stage 5 – Laws are made to preserve order but exceptions can occur –Stage 6 – Adherence to universal ethical principles

49. 33. Sex Differences and Moral Reasoning Kohlberg’s theory shows higher levels of moral reasoning in boys Carol Gilligan argues difference is result of socialization –Girls make judgments based on needs of others –Boys make judgments based on logic

50. 34. Social and Emotional Development Independence is the challenge of adolescence Erikson’s Psychosocial Development –Ego Identity versus Role Diffusion Adolescent Sexuality –Before1960s-societal influence- no sex before marriage –Now about 50% of American teens engage in sexual intercourse –25% had 4 or more partners before they are seniors

51. Beyond the Book Slides to help expand your lectures

52. Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Continuous – gradual changes –Behaviorists and learning theorists Discontinuous – changes in stages –Freud and Piaget

53. Child Abuse Factors that contribute to child abuse –Stress –History of child abuse in at least one of parents’ families of origin –Acceptance of violence as coping mechanism –Failure to attach with children –Substance abuse –Rigid attitudes toward child raising