1. WHERE DOES ‘GENDER’ MATTER IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP? Enabling Environment and Policy Reforms to Support Female Entrepreneurship Mary Hallward-Driemeier Chief Economist Office, FPD

2. Where does ‘gender’ matter in entrepreneurship?  Where do women work? What enterprises do they run?  Which dimension of IC matters most for women?  Directly – as women  Indirectly – where more women work  Looking beyond levels of IC

3. Women’s entrepreneurship is high -- But concentrated in self-employment At low levels of income, women are disproportionately in self- employment. Greater relative participation of women in wage work as income rises Women’s share of employers remains constant But 10 percentage points lower than women’s share in the non-agric. labor force Women’s share in non-agricultural employment averages 38 percent – across income levels Agenda is not to raise women’s entrepreneurship per se – but to help women move into higher value added activities

4. Definition of “female enterprise” matters 1. Participation in ownership 2. Decision maker  Of those with ‘some female ownership’ – women are a main decision maker in only half 3. Sole proprietors – ownership and decision maker Choice matters: Performance gaps using the first definition are not significant; they are using the second and third.

5.  Property rights: especially family law  Ethiopia – change of family law raised share of women working outside the home  Access to finance  Require male co- signature  Less access to collateral  Harassment – what is asked for is not always money; ‘sextortion’ Shares that have ‘frequently’ heard of sexual favors being raised in certain transactions Direct impact of gender – greater IC constraints faced by women as women

6. Variations are greater across sectors than by gender within a sector  But women are more likely to run informal or smaller firms. Indirect gender effects.  Addressing constraints to smaller firms can disproportionately help women.  Factors affecting entry and choice of activity / formality / size of enterprise are key to explaining outcomes.

7. Which dimension of the IC matters?  Most work has focused on the LEVEL of IC conditions (days or costs to get things done)  But VARIATION in the IC is also costly  Introduces uncertainty that is associated with lower investment and hiring  Opens the door to more corruption Women’s enterprises are less likely to be ‘favored firms’  Detrimental effects are larger on SMEs  Undermines government’s credibility Thwarts the public interest they were supposed to serve May undermine support for reforms by creating different interests between favored and non-favored firms.

9. Take away messages  Agenda -- supporting women to pursue higher value added activities, not raising entrepreneurship per se  Careful how you define ‘female enterprises’  Bring decision making authority into account where possible  Factors affecting entry and choice of enterprise are key  Within sectors and size, gender is less important  Gender can matter directly (restrictions in (family) law) and indirectly(constraints that hit smaller firms harder)  Look at degree of variation in constraints across firms  Associated with corruption and uncertainty  Women less likely to be ‘favored firms’