1. Anatomy & Physiology
The Muscular System

2. The Muscular system: Muscles are organs
They provide tone, move body fluids & food, provide the heartbeat & distribute heat.
There are 3 types of muscle:
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

3. Types of Muscle:

4. Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones Voluntary Allow movement
Striated (striped)
Enclosed in endomysium (connective tissue) which forms fibers called fascicles.
The fascicles collectively form aponeuroses, tendon-like structures which attach to bones.

5. Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
No striations
Involuntary
Located in hollow organs (stomach, bladder, etc.)
Striated
Involuntary
Located only in the heart (pump blood)

6. Muscle functions: Movement (contraction & relaxation) Posture
Joint stabilization
Heat generation

7. Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle:
Sarcolemma is the plasma membrane.
The contractile unit in the muscle is the sarcomere.
Myofibrils are the organelles.
Myofilaments are the proteins found within the sarcomeres. These form striations.
Actin are thin filaments.
Myosin are thick filaments.

8. Skeletal Muscle:

9. I bands (light) have actin attached to Z lines.
These striations a pattern with 2 parts:
I bands (light) have actin attached to Z lines.
A bands (dark) are myosin overlapping actin, contain an H zone (central thick region) and a M line.
Within the sarcoplasm is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (just like the ER of other cells). These are membranous channels.

10. Skeletal Muscle Fiber:

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13. Skeletal muscle activity:
Motor neurons (nervous system) connect to each & every skeletal muscle fiber.
The connection between these two forms a neuromuscular junction.
This is the reason skeletal muscles contract.
Motor neurons branch; their ends contain a lot of mitochondria & synaptic vesicles (responsible for synapses).
They store neurotransmitters.

14. http://www. shelfieldpeonline. co

15. The basic movement of skeletal muscle is a result of a stimulus (via a neuro- transmitter).
The actin & myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the muscle fiber (contraction).
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for skeletal muscle contraction.
This needs ATP and high [Ca++]
This is called the Sliding Filament Theory.

16. http://www. dwm. ks. edu. tw/bio/activelearner/38/images/ch38summary

17. Energy for muscle contraction:
Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen and produces ATP, which is used by muscles.
Creatine phosphate: provides phosphate to ADP to make ATP, which is then used by muscles.
Lactic acid fermentation: this is anaerobic respiration (no oxygen used).
Lactic acid is produced (and a small amount of ATP).

18. Energy goes into cycle (to make ATP)   Energy to do work

19. Oxygen debt & Muscle Tone:
Active muscles tend to become O2 deficient.
An accumulation of lactic acid in muscles causes fatigue, cramping and pain.
Repaying an oxygen debt (after strenuous exercise) may take several hours.
Even at rest, muscle tone exists. This is the sustained contraction of muscles. This is important in maintaining posture.

20. Muscle movements, types & names:
Muscles move according to their location & position.
The immovable end of a muscle is called the origin (head) while the movable end is called its insertion.
Insertion is pulled towards its origin.
Some muscles have more than 1 origin or insertion.
Ex: biceps brachii (in arm) has 2 origins (biceps=2 heads)

22. Flexion means decreasing an angle
Extension means increasing an angle
Muscle name usually indicates info about it: its location, size, # of attachments, shape or action.
Examples:
deltoid (shaped like a delta or triangle)
biceps brachii (2 heads in the brachium, or arm)
pectoralis major (large in size, located in pectoral, or chest, region)

23. Major superficial muscles of the body
Look up labeled diagram of muscle system in text or online. Know this diagram!
Major superficial muscles of the body

24. Head & Neck muscles: Frontalis Occipitalis Orbicularis Oculi
Chewing Muscles
Frontalis
Occipitalis
Orbicularis Oculi
Orbicularis Oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
Masseter
Temporalis
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Neck Muscles
Facial muscles

26. Trunk muscles: anterior muscles:
Pectoralis Major: covers chest
Intercostal Muscles: between ribs
Rectus Abdominis: from pubis to rib cage
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus

27. Trunk muscles: Posterior muscles:
Trapezius: kite- shaped muscle over neck & shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi
Erector Spinae (deep back)
Quadratus Lumborum
Deltoid (triangular- shaped muscle of shoulder)

29. Upper limb muscles: Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis
Triceps Brachii

30. Muscles of lower limb: Hip Joint Muscles: Knee Joint Muscles:
Gluteus Maximus (buttocks)
Gluteus Medius
Iliopsoas (p is silent; iliac crest to vertebrate)
Adductor Muscles
Hamstrings (includes biceps femoris)
Sartorius
Quadriceps (includes rectus femoris): intramuscular injections usually occur here.

32. Muscles of lower limb: Ankle & Foot: Extensor Digitorum Longus
Fibularis Muscles (fibula to metatarsals)
Gastrocnemius (calf)
Soleus

33. Look up in text or online!
Know the following:
Atrophy, rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation, opposition, prime mover, antagonists, synergists, fixators, muscular dystrophy, Duchene’s muscular dystrophy, and mysthenia gravis

34. This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,
Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission,
adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.