1. 1 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Joint Strike Fighter – Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) ‘Joint Strike Fighter’,JSF, and the JSF Logo are Trademarks of the United States Government Public Released Under: AER200307014 Michael Gandy and Kevin Line Lockheed Martin Aeronautics

2. 2 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. What is JSF? Sortie Generation Rate Availability Mission Reliability Single Engine Safety Mission Reliability Reduced Support Equipment Supply Chain Management Training Costs Manpower Logistic Footprint Maintenance Data-link Condition Based Maintenance

3. 3 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. JSF PHM Introduction Legacy Air Vehicle Shortfalls –High rates (Approx. 30%) of “Could Not Duplicate”, “Bench Check Serviceable”, and “Re-Test OK”. –High Rates of False Alarms and Intermittents –Excessive MTTR (Mean Time To Repair), Spares, Diagnostic Man-Hours, Test Equipment –Excessive Scheduled Maintenance –Poor Mission Reliability –No Timely Warning of Impending Failures HIGH “LIFE CYCLE COST” FOR THE CUSTOMER!

4. 4 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. JSF PHM Introduction PHM Solution: Apply Emerging Software and Sensor Technologies –Information Fusion –Model Based Reasoning –Tailored Algorithms –Feature Extraction –High Level Corroboration, Correlation, and Management Put Fleet Wide Autonomic-Logistics “In The Loop” Provide a Dedicated Maintenance Reasoner to Automate Fault Detection, Isolation, and Prognostics. REDUCED “LIFE CYCLE COST” FOR THE CUSTOMER!

5. 5 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PHM Architecture and Enabling Technologies Air Vehicle On-Board Health Assessment Health Management, Reporting & Recording Autonomic Logistics & Off-Board PHM PVI MAINTAINER VEHICLE INTERFACE Mission Critical PHM Data Displays & Controls Crash Recorder Maintenance Interface Functions IETMs Consumables On-Board Diagnostics PMD. PMA In-Flight & Maintenance Data Link Flight Critical PHM / Service Info Database AMD/PMD PHM Area Managers MS Subsystems Sensor Fusion Model-Based Reasoning Tailored Algorithms Systems Specific Logic / Rules Feature Extraction Provides: AV-Level Info Management Intelligent FI Prognostics/Trends Auto. Logistics Enabling/Interface Methods Used: FCS/Utility Subsystems NVM ICAWS Manager AVPHM Hosted in ICP Structures Mission Systems Decision Support Troubleshooting and Repair Condition-Based Maintenance Efficient Logistics Vehicle Systems Propulsion Results In: ALIS Automated Pilot / Maint. Debrief Off-Board Prognostics Intelligent Help Environment Store / Distribute PHM Information Hosted in ICP

6. 6 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PHM Basic Functional Data Flow Subsystems Manage Subsys Area PHM Manage Subsys PHM Manage Air Vehicle PHM Proc. Priorities PHM Updates MS Cross Correl Results Test Commands FDI Results BIT Data Parametric Data Consumables Config Info S/W Errors Current/Predicted Subsystem Status/Assessment PHM Data (Analyzed/Param) Consumables Config Info A/C Parameters SW Errors Proc. Priorities PHM Updates A/V Cross Correl Results Test Commands Manage Correlation Area PHM BIT Data Parametric Data Consumables Config Info S/W Errors Current/Predicted MS Status/Assessment PHM Data (Analyzed/Param) Consumables Config Info A/C Parameters SW Errors PHM Updates Test Commands PHM Updates Test Commands

7. 7 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Subsystem PHM ICP/VMC/Controllers Manage A/V PHM Mission/ Tactical Mgmt Pilot Interface Mgmt Cross Subsystem Mgmt A/C Storage/ Tx Mgmt Maintainer Interface Mgmt Manage VS Cross Correlation Area PHM Structural Sensors U&S Subsystems FCS Subsystem MS Subsystems Manage Structures Area PHM Manage VS Subsystem Area PHM Manage Propulsion Area PHM Manage MS Subsystem Area PHM Manage U&S Subsystem PHM Manage Propulsion Subsystem PHM Manage FCS Subsystem PHM Manage MS Subsystem PHM Manage MS Cross Correlation Area PHM (Propulsion Controllers) Mission Systems AM Vehicle Systems AM Airframe AM Higher-Level PHM -- ICP VS Processing Manage VS Processing PHM Propulsion Subsystems Air Vehicle PHM System Architecture

8. 8 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Information Management: Model-Based Reasoning,Trending, Pattern Recognition (Enhanced Diagnostics, Fault Isolation) Operational Loads/Usage Monitoring: Structures, Landing / Arresting Gear Gun, EPS Starter/Generator CSMU (Write Cycles) Capacity Trending: 28 & 270 volt Batteries Cryo Cooling Capacity ESA (loss of Elements) OBIGGS / OBOGS HIPPAG Recharge Rate Enhanced Sensor Technologies: Engine - FOD Detection, Oil Debris, Oil Condition, Blade Tip Monitoring, Vibration Monitoring SDLF - FOD Detection, Oil Debris, Oil Condition, Shaft Alignment / Torque, Clutch Wear / Vibration Brake Temperature Landing Gear (Strut Servicing, ‘Smart Tire’) Auto Calibration / Gain Trending: Radar Displays Fuel Probes Stick & Throttle Performance Monitoring / Trending: PTMS (IPP, Filters, Reservoirs, Coalescer, etc.) Hydraulic System (Pumps, Filter, Reservoirs, Accumulators) Fuel System (Pumps, Valves, Heat Exchanger) Weapon Bay Door Drive (Pump Speed & Swashplate Angle) Rotary Actuators, EHAs Weapon Racks OBIGGS Filter Cross-Comparison (Redundancy Management): Flight Controls (VMC, Inceptors, EHAs, Sensors) EPS (Degraded modes, Emergency Power) Fuel Probes Automated Testing: WBDD Actuator Backlash External Fuel Tanks RIOs, VSP Software Nose Wheel Steering Friction Collar CSMU (Periodic Read/Write Testing) Aircraft Wiring Advanced Techniques Are Applied to JSF Weapon System PHM Solution Off-Board Technologies: Diagnostic Tools Intelligent Help Prognosis Models PHM Is an Integral Part of Every Facet and Subsystem of the Weapon System

9. 9 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Mechanical Valves is an area of risk for detection and isolation An example of where the AM can enhance detection/isolation of the Fuel System is shown here in monitoring of the PAO-Fuel HX Check Valve PHM - Enhances FDI

10. 10 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Electrical System MBR KB Fuel System MBR KB PHM - Enhances Cross-Correlation Fuel Sub-System ONLY utilizes the purple highlighted sensors for fault isolation of Boost/Transfer Pump. MBR will utilizes ALL the sensors from that whole area of the system to enhance and confirm isolation.

11. 11 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Model-Based Reasoning (MBR) Provides a Significant Part of PHM Design Solution Model Legend - Condition Function Sensor Component Block Diagram MBR Model MBR Approach Provides Multiple Benefits and Functions: –Intuitive, Multi-Level Modeling –Inherent Cross Checking for False Alarm Mitigation –Multi-Level Correlation for Failure Isolation Advantage Chains of Functions Indicate Functional Flows. –Components Link to the Functions They Support. –Sensors Link to the Functions They Monitor. –Conditions Link to the Functions They Control.

12. 12 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Example of Model Based Reasoning

13. 13 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prognostics Dictionary definition – “foretelling” or “prophecy” Our definition – “Using analytical models and historical trends to predict the remaining useful life of components” Goal of Prognostics on the JSF –Increase safety and mission reliability by predicting failures of critical items with enough time to return to base and perform repair –Decrease collateral damage by predicting catastrophic failures before a failure causes significant damage to aircraft –Decrease logistics costs by allowing greater warning before failure More efficient maintenance planning Reduced spares –Decrease unnecessary servicing and replacement Service aircraft which need servicing instead Cater to aircraft operating environment and personality Bottom Line: Reduce Operating Costs

14. 14 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prognostic Candidates Landing Gear Strut Pressure and Fluid Level Nose Wheel Stability Landing Gear and Arresting Hook Structure fatigue life Rotary Actuator Wear Battery Generator Oil Level Hydraulic Filters, Pump, and Hydraulic Fluid Level Actuator Leakage and Wear Power and Cooling Turbo Machine Life, Oil Condition, Oil Servicing and Filter Condition Oxygen Generator Nitrogen Generator and Filter Heat Exchangers Engine

15. 15 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prognostic Approaches Filter Condition (Hydraulic, Oxygen, Nitrogen) –Typical approach trends delta pressure measurement across filter –Filter replaced when predetermined threshold met Time Pressure For Nearly Constant Flow Caution Band Critical Band Delta Pressure Filter

16. 16 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Oxygen Generation Historical trends of actual performance compared with calculated performance will indicate life Oxygen System Parameters Other Aircraft Parameters Performance Model (Predicted Oxygen Conc) Comparator and Trending Measured Oxygen Concentration Time Concentration Predicted Measured Delta Caution Band Critical Band

17. 17 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Nose Wheel Shimmy Nose wheel can vibrate during landing Divergent vibration is more likely when nose gear free play is high and tire is worn Two approaches –Monitor and trend free play before taxi –Monitor and trend vibration on landing Force Measured Free Play Good Nose Gear Landing Gear with Possible Divergent Shimmy Shimmy Vibration Measurement 

18. 18 Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Some Good Reference Papers D.G.Bobrow, "Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems: an Introduction" – Artificial Intelligence, vol 24 numbers 1-3, December 1984, ISSN 0004-3702. J. De Kleer & J.S.Brown, "A Qualitative Physics based on Confluences“ - Artificial Intelligence, vol 24 numbers 1-3, December 1984, ISSN 0004-3702. K.D.Forbus, "Qualitative Process Theory“ - Artificial Intelligence, vol 24 numbers 1- 3, December 1984, ISSN 0004-3702. B.Kuipers, "Commonsense Reasoning about Causality: Deriving Behaviour from Structure“ - Artificial Intelligence, vol 24 numbers 1-3, December 1984, ISSN 0004-3702. J. De Kleer, "How Circuits Work“- Artificial Intelligence, vol 24 numbers 1-3, December 1984, ISSN 0004-3702. R.Davis, "Diagnostic Reasoning Based on Structure and Behaviour“- Artificial Intelligence, vol 24 numbers 1-3, December 1984, ISSN 0004-3702. M.R.Genesereth, "The Use of Design Descriptions in Automated Diagnosis“- Artificial Intelligence, vol 24 numbers 1-3, December 1984, ISSN 0004-3702. A wavelet neural network framework for diagnostics of complex engineered systems Vachtsevanos, G.; Peng Wang; Echauz, J. Intelligent Control, 2001. (ISIC '01). Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on, 5-7 Sept. 2001 page(s): 79 –84 Prognostics, the real issues involved with predicting life remaining, Engel, S.J.; Gilmartin, B.J.; Bongort, K.; Hess, A.; Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2000 IEEE, Volume: 6, 18-25 March 2000, Page(s): 457 -469 vol.6