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Navigational Aids
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Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Lesson Overview The functions of the clock and compass The elements of a map How to use air navigation charts The purpose of flight planning How to draft a preflight plan The procedures to perform when lost Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Quick Write What would you do if you lost sight of land and your compass didn’t work? What clues might help you go in the right direction? (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Copyright © NAS Fort Lauderdale Museum
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The Functions of the Clock and The Functions of the Clock and Compass Some navigational tools have been around for centuries Two of them are the clock and compass Sailors measured the angle that the sun makes with the horizon at noon to find their latitude To find longitude (east/west position) calls for a very precise clock Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Search for an Accurate Clock Early clocks couldn’t keep accurate time, especially at sea 1700’s: John Harrison devised a clock for navigation – a chronometer Celestial navigation—a method of finding your way using the stars and planets Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-110390]
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Magnetic Compass Determines direction One of the oldest and simplest instruments Magnetic compass—works because the Earth itself is a huge magnet Responds to two other poles; magnetic North Pole and the magnetic South Pole Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Variation Maps and charts use lines of longitude that pass through the geographic pole—these are true directions Measured from the magnetic poles—magnetic directions Agonic line—magnetic variation is zero; magnetic north and true north agree Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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Deviation Deviation—a magnetic compass error caused by local magnetic fields within aircraft To correct for deviation, pilots use a compass deviation card Magnetic heading corrected for deviation— compass heading Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 3-4 Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Elements of a Map Legend—list of all symbols and their meanings Physical, or topographic features Water, or hydrographic features Transportation Cultural features Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Activity 1: Elements of a Map Identify and describe elements of a map Determine distances between various points on the map Answer the questions Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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How to Use Air Navigation Charts Air navigation chart or aeronautical chart—is a road map for pilots Features include: airport locations, obstructions, and the map scale for distances Charts go through frequent revisions to take into account changing conditions Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of NASA
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VFR Navigation Charts For flying by visual flight rules Three types pilots use: Sectional Charts VFR Terminal Area Charts World Aeronautical Charts Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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IFR Navigation Charts Used when flight doesn’t allow VFR, such as bad weather Two types: IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts— below 18,000 feet IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts— above 18,000 feet Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 5-6
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Activity 2: Interpreting a Sectional Chart Visit NASA’s Virtual Skies Aviation Navigation section on “Reading a Sectional Chart” Examine the sectional chart and the information it communicates Refer to the various map keys to answer the questions Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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The Purpose of Flight Planning To make flight as safe as possible Data the pilot gathers: weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternate routes and airports, and traffic delays Checking the weather is one of the very first steps Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Airport Information Two FAA publications containing airport information—Notices to Airmen (NOTAM), and Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) Information includes airport locations, elevation, runway and lighting details, available services, and control tower and ground control frequencies Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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Aircraft Information The pilot should check the Aircraft Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook for weight and balance information Figure out how much takeoff and landing distance the plane needs based on the load Look at fuel consumption charts to find out how much fuel the aircraft will use Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Flight Plans A flight plan is a form a pilot fills out before a flight and turns in to air traffic control Helps keep tabs on traffic in the air Gathers information about an aircraft and its route for the FAA to conduct search and rescue if needed Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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Activity 3: Reading a Flight Plan Read the flight plan scenario Fill out the blank FAA Form Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 7-8
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How to Draft a Preflight Plan On a sectional chart: Select checkpoints along the route Check areas on either side of the route in case the airspace has any special rules Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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How to Draft a Preflight Plan, cont. Study the terrain and obstructions along the route Measures the flight’s total distance Using a plotter, calculate direction Figure out groundspeed Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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Activity 4: Preflight Planning Chart checkpoints for a course Determine information for flight planning Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Procedures to Perform When Lost The first step is to climb—greater altitudes increase radio and navigation reception ranges as well as radar coverage If situation grows too risky, transmit on the emergency frequency 121.5 megahertz (MHz) VHF and set the transponder to Squawk 7700 Chapter 4, Lesson 2 © iStockphoto/Thinkstock
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Activity 5 Flight Simulator: Flight Planning Create a flight plan in Microsoft Flight Simulator Chapter 4, Lesson 2
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Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 9-10
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Summary Chapter 4, Lesson 2 The functions of the clock and compass The elements of a map How to use air navigation charts The purpose of flight planning How to draft a preflight plan The procedures to perform when lost
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Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Review Questions CPS Questions 11-12
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Next…. Done – navigational aids Next – dead reckoning and wind Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
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