1. ANATOMY OF SHIPPING AININA SYAZWANI AZIERA RIZUANA AZUANA AISHAH NURFILZATI HANI

2. UNITISED CARGO Combination of boxes, cartons, packages or pails into one load for ease of handling Loads of packages combined together

3. Unitised Cargo perishable goods come in a variety of shapes and sizes often with considerable storage constraints Advantage: allows larger products quantities to be grouped into larger units

4. Pallets Flat sheets of aluminium or wooden that can hold stacked shipments. Transport structure that supports goods in a stable condition while being lifted by forklift, pallet jack, front loader, work saver or other jacking devices. Net – used to cover each pallet from falling

5. Closed wagons or simply referred as covered wagons Unpowered railway vehicles that are used for the transportation of cargo Closed wagons is designed for the transportation of moisture-susceptible goods and therefore fully enclosed by sides and a fixed roof

6. Barges Flat-bottomed boats, built mainly for river and canal for transportation of heavy goods. Some barges are not self-propelled and need to be pushed by towboats. Barges are used today for low-value bulk items because the cost of hauling goods by barge is very low.

7. CONTAINER CARGO System of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers Known as shipping containers or ISO containers. Transportation of cargo in containers with standardized handling equipment, and without re-handling the contents.

8. Function of Container Cargo allows shippers to maximize cargo loading efficiency Heavy and light freight can be shipped together to utilize all available container capacity Can be loaded and unloaded, stacked transported efficiently over long distance Can transferred from one mode of transport to another

9. ADVANTAGES minimised risk of damages minimised risk of pilferage safety of export goods reduction of packing expenses

10. DISADVANTAGES money required extra expenses need on repairing container