1. BIOL-101 Brookdale Community College Mr. D. Fusco
BIOLOGY-101 Section 801
BIOL-101
Brookdale Community College
Mr. D. Fusco

2. BIOL-101 Brookdale Community College Mr. D. Fusco
BIOLOGY-101 Section 801
BIOL-101
Brookdale Community College
Mr. D. Fusco

3. Agenda *Introduction to BIOL-101 *Personal Information
*Syllabus review
*Philosophy of Life Sciences (Chapter 1)
*Characteristics of Life
*Organization of Life
*Classification
*Scientific Method

4. Personal Information First & Last Name Address - Line 1
Phone Number
address
Emergency Contact: Name & Phone Number
Reason for taking course
One thing I should know about you
Career Goals
Occupation (Please note if you are a F/T or P/T student)

5. Icebreaker Milk Chocolate = Tell how you spent your summer
Krackel = Name the reality show you would be on (if you had to) and why
Special Dark = Tell something that you have done that you think no one else has done
Mr. Goodbar = Share one of your favorite memories

6. Philosophy of Life Sciences

7. What is Biology?
Biology is the scientific study of life - a VAST topic
Biologists ask questions such as:
How a single cell develops into an organism
How the human mind works
How living things interact in communities
There are many key themes that connect the concepts of biology

8. Major theme of biology
A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example:
DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms
Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
Yet, all organisms (even within the same species) exhibit great diversity

9. What is Life? Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition
Life is recognized by what living things do
What do living things do?
How do we identify something living?

10. Order Response to the environment Adaptation Regulation Reproduction
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Adaptation
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Regulation
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Energy
processing

11. Characteristics of Life
Life involves 7 characteristics
All living things:
Respond (to environment)
Energy (use & acquire)
Grow & develop (directed by genes)
Reproduce (like produces like)
Order (demonstrate)
Adapt (over a longer period of time)
Regulate (maintain homeostasis)

12. Organization of Life Life is highly organized
Life can be studied at different levels from molecules to the entire living planet
New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy
The study of life can be divided into different levels of biological organization

13. Levels of Organization
Fig. 1-4
Levels of Organization
The biosphere
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Ecosystems
Organs and organ systems
Cells
Cell
Organelles
Atoms
Molecules
Tissues
1 µm
50 µm
10 µm
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization

14. Organization Atoms are the simplest level.
Two or more atoms comprise a molecule. (Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells.)
Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.

15. Organization Cells are the basic living unit.
Tissues are groups of cells functioning together.
Groups of tissues form organs.
Groups of organs function together as organ systems.
Organ systems functioning together make up an organism.

16. Organization
A group of organisms within a specified area make a population.
The set of populations that inhabit a particular area create a community.
All of the living things in the community, as well as nonliving components (such as soil, water, and light) make an ecosystem.
All of the earth’s ecosystems combine to make up the biosphere.

17. Classification
Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year
Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

18. Taxonomy “taxis” = arrangement; “nomy” = science of
Hence taxonomy becomes the “science of arrangement”
Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms

19. Aristotle 384-322 BC (Greece)
1st person to classify life
Classified into two main groups:
Plants because they are “planted” in the ground
Animals because they are “animated”

20. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 (Sweden)
Father of taxonomy
Binomial system of nomenclature (“bi” = two, “nom” = name)
Scientific name (aka Latin name)
Consists of Genus and species

21. Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Fig. 1-14
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Figure 1.14 Classifying life
Animalia
Eukarya

22. Levels of Classification
Domain (broadest)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most specific)
D - Eukarya
K - Animalia
P - Chordata
C - Mammalia
O - Carnivora
F - Ursidae
G - Ursus
S - americanus D e c r a s i n g

23. Scientific Name 2 names (Genus & species) GENUS is capitalized
species is lowercase
Latin
Either in italics or underlined
African elephant
Loxodonta africana
Wolf
Canis lupus
African lion
Panthera leo

24. Domains The three-domain system is currently used
Some scientists still refer to 5 kingdoms as well
Domain Bacteria includes most of the common bacteria
Domain Archaea includes bacteria that live in extreme environments (hot springs and salt lakes)
Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms (those whose cells have a true nucleus)

25. Eukarya The domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms:
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called Protista, though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms

26. Kingdoms Each kingdom will be discussed according to:
Cell Type (pro- vs. eu- karyotic)
Organization (uni- vs. multi- cell)
Acquiring energy (absorb, ingest, or photosynthesize)
Reproduction (asexual or sexual)
Motility (motile or nonmotile)
Example(s)
Monera (combine Bacteria & Archaea)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

27. Monera (Bacteria) Prokaryotic (NO nucleus) Unicellular Absorb food
Asexual reproduction (binary fission)
Motile, nonmotile
Example: bacteria
Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori

28. Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular
Absorb, ingest, or photosynthesize
Asexual or sexual reproduction
Motile or nonmotile
Example: Ameba, Paramecium, Euglena, Seaweed

29. Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Absorb food (hyphae)
Asexual or sexual reproduction
Nonmotile
Example: Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus); Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

30. Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Photosynthesize (make their own food)
Sexual reproduction
Nonmotile
Example: Rose (Rosa macdub)

31. Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Ingest food Sexual reproduction
Motile
Example: Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

32. Question?
Where are the viruses?

33. Are viruses alive? Virus means “poison”
Originally, they were considered biological chemicals
Because of their pathogenic properties, researchers saw a parallel with bacteria
Let’s look again at the characteristics of life

34. Order Response to the environment Adaptation Regulation Reproduction
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Adaptation
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Regulation
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Energy
processing

35. Are viruses alive?
Viruses cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside of a host cell
Most biologists would agree that they are NOT alive since they do not exhibit all of the characteristics of life
Viruses lead a “borrowed life”

36. Scientific Inquiry
The word Science is derived from Latin and means “to know”
Inquiry is the search for information and explanation
There are two main types of scientific inquiry: discovery science and hypothesis-based science
The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena

37. Discovery Science
Discovery science describes natural structures and processes
This approach is based on observation and the analysis of data
Data are recorded observations or items of information
Data fall into two categories
Qualitative, or descriptions, rather than measurements
Quantitative, or recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs

38. Inductive Reasoning
Discovery science often employs inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the logical process of induction
Repeat specific observations can lead to important generalizations
For example, “the sun always rises in the east”

39. Hypothesis-Based Science
Observations can lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called hypotheses
A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question
A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation

40. Limitations of Hypotheses
A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable
Hypothesis-based science often makes use of two or more alternative hypotheses
Failure to falsify a hypothesis does not prove that hypothesis
For example, you replace your flashlight bulb, and it now works
This supports the hypothesis that your bulb was burnt out, but does not prove it (perhaps the first bulb was inserted incorrectly)

41. Deductive Reasoning
Hypothesis-based science involves the use of deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions
For example, if organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction)

42. Scientific Method
The scientific method is an idealized process of inquiry
Hypothesis-based science is based on the “textbook” scientific method but rarely follows all the ordered steps
Discovery science has made important contributions with very little dependence on the so-called scientific method
However, we will identify steps in order to grasp its parts

43. Scientific Method Parts
Identify a problem/question
Make observations/research
Create a testable hypothesis
Design a controlled experiment
Analyze results and make a conclusion

44. Case Study: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations
Many poisonous species are brightly colored, which warns potential predators
Mimics are harmless species that closely resemble poisonous species
Henry Bates hypothesized that this mimicry evolved in as an adaptation that reduces the chances of a harmless species being eaten
This hypothesis was tested with the poisonous eastern coral snake (top) and its mimic the nonpoisonous scarlet king snake (bottom)

45. Hypothesis
Both species live in the Carolinas, but the king snake is also found in regions without poisonous coral snakes
If predators inherit an avoidance of the coral snake’s coloration, then the colorful king snake will be attacked less often in the regions where coral snakes are present

46. Experiment
To test this mimicry hypothesis, researchers made hundreds of artificial snakes:
An experimental group resembling king snakes
A control group resembling plain brown snakes
Equal numbers of both types were placed at field sites, including areas without poisonous coral snakes

47. Conclusion
After four weeks, the scientists retrieved the artificial snakes and counted bite or claw marks
The data fit the predictions of the mimicry hypothesis: the ringed snakes were attacked less frequently in the geographic region where coral snakes were found

48. Controlled Experiment
A controlled experiment compares an experimental group (the artificial king snakes) with a control group (the artificial brown snakes)
Ideally, only the variable of interest (the color pattern of the artificial snakes) differs between the control and experimental groups
A controlled experiment means that control groups are used to cancel the effects of unwanted variables
A controlled experiment does not mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant

49. Theories & Laws In the context of science, a theory is:
broader in scope than a hypothesis
general, and can lead to new testable hypotheses
supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis
Example: theory of evolution
In the context of science, a law is:
described as an “accepted theory”
supported by a larger population (usually outside of the scientific community) than a theory
Example: law of gravity

50. Limitations of Science
In science, observations and experimental results must also be repeatable
Science cannot support or falsify supernatural explanations, which are outside the bounds of science

51. Science & Technology Science and technology are interdependent
The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose
Biology is marked by “discoveries,” while technology is marked by “inventions”

52. Science & Society
The combination of science and technology has dramatic effects on society
Example, the discovery of DNA allowed for advances in DNA technology
Ethical issues can arise from new technology, but have as much to do with politics, economics, and cultural values as with science and technology

53. Review Questions Explain the unity and diversity of life.
Name and describe the 7 characteristics of life.
Correctly identify the various levels of organization from a molecule to the biosphere.
Describe the contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus to taxonomy.
Define, in order, the 8 levels of scientific classification.
Name and describe the 3 domains.
Identify 5 major kingdoms, along with important characteristics of each.
Explain how viruses are classified and why.
Define scientific inquiry and name 2 types.
Define describe 2 different types of data.
Name and describe 2 different types of reasoning.
Explain the use of the scientific method and its “textbooks” parts.
Explain a controlled experiment.
Differentiate between hypothesis, theories, and laws.
State 2 limitations of science and explain the relationship between science and technology.