1. BIOL-101 Brookdale Community College Mr. D. Fusco
BIOLOGY-101 Sections 800 & 802
BIOL-101
Brookdale Community College
Mr. D. Fusco

2. Agenda *Introduction to BIOL-101 *Personal Information
*Syllabus review
*Philosophy of Life Sciences (Chapter 1)
*Characteristics of Life
*Organization of Life
*Classification
*Scientific Method

3. Personal Information First & Last Name Address - Line 1
Phone Number
address
Emergency Contact: Name & Phone Number
Reason for taking course
One thing I should know about you
Career Goals
Occupation (Please note if you are a F/T or P/T student)

4. Icebreaker Milk Chocolate = Tell how you spent your winter break
Krackel = Name the reality show you would be on (if you had to) and why
Special Dark = Tell something that you have done that you think no one else has done
Mr. Goodbar = Share one of your favorite memories

5. Philosophy of Life Sciences

6. What is Biology? Biology is the - a VAST topic
Biologists ask questions such as:
How a single cell develops into an
How the human mind works
How living things interact in
There are many key themes that connect the concepts of biology

7. Major theme of biology A striking underlies the of life; for example:
is the universal genetic language common to all organisms
Unity is evident in many features of
Yet, all organisms (even within the same species) exhibit great

8. What is Life? Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition
Life is recognized by what living things do
What do living things do?
How do we identify something living?

9. Order Response to the environment Adaptation Regulation Reproduction
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Adaptation
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Regulation
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Energy
processing

10. Characteristics of Life
Life involves characteristics
All living things:
R (to environment)
E (use & acquire)
G (directed by genes)
R (like produces like)
O (demonstrate)
A (over a longer period of time)
R (maintain homeostasis)

11. Organization of Life Life is highly
Life can be studied at from molecules to the entire living planet
New properties emerge at each level in the
The study of life can be divided into different levels of

12. Levels of Organization
Fig. 1-4
Levels of Organization
The biosphere
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Ecosystems
Organs and organ systems
Cells
Cell
Organelles
Atoms
Molecules
Tissues
1 µm
50 µm
10 µm
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization

13. Organization are the simplest level.
Two or more atoms comprise a . (Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells.)
are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.

14. Organization are the basic living unit.
are groups of cells functioning together.
Groups of tissues form
Groups of organs function together as
Organ systems functioning together make up an

15. Organization A group of organisms within a specified area make a
The set of populations that inhabit a particular area create a
All of the living things in the community, as well as nonliving components (such as soil, water, and light) make an
All of the earth’s ecosystems combine to make up the

16. Classification
Approximately species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year
Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from
is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

17. Taxonomy “taxis” = arrangement; “nomy” = science of
Hence taxonomy becomes the
Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms

18. Aristotle 384-322 BC (Greece)
Classified into two main groups:
Plants because they are
Animals because they are

19. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 (Sweden)
Binomial system of nomenclature
Scientific name (aka Latin name)
Consists of

20. Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Fig. 1-14
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Figure 1.14 Classifying life
Animalia
Eukarya

21. Levels of Classification
(broadest)
(most specific)
D - Eukarya
K - Animalia
P - Chordata
C - Mammalia
O - Carnivora
F - Ursidae
G - Ursus
S - americanus D e c r a s i n g

22. Scientific Name 2 names (Genus & species) Latin
Either in italics or underlined
African elephant
Loxodonta africana
Wolf
Canis lupus
African lion
Panthera leo

23. Domains The system is currently used
Some scientists still refer to 5 kingdoms as well
Domain includes most of the common bacteria
Domain includes bacteria that live in extreme environments (hot springs and salt lakes)
Domain includes all eukaryotic organisms

24. Eukarya The domain Eukarya includes three
Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called , though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms

25. Kingdoms Each kingdom will be discussed according to: Cell Type
Organization
Acquiring energy
Reproduction
Motility
Example(s)
Monera (combine Bacteria & Archaea)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

26. Monera (Bacteria) (NO nucleus) Absorb food
Asexual reproduction (binary fission)
Example: bacteria
Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori

27. Protista Unicellular or Multicellular Asexual or sexual reproduction
Motile or nonmotile
Example: Ameba, Paramecium, Euglena, Seaweed

28. Fungi Absorb food (hyphae) Asexual or sexual reproduction
Example: Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus); Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

29. Plantae Multicellular (make their own food) Sexual reproduction
Example: Rose (Rosa macdub)

30. Animalia
Eukaryotic
Motile
Example: Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

31. Question?
Where are the viruses?

32. Are viruses alive? Virus means Originally, they were considered
Because of their properties, researchers saw a parallel with
Let’s look again at the characteristics of life

33. Order Response to the environment Adaptation Regulation Reproduction
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Adaptation
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Regulation
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Energy
processing

34. Are viruses alive? Viruses cannot
Most biologists would agree that they are alive since they do not exhibit all of the characteristics of life
Viruses lead a

35. Scientific Inquiry The word is derived from Latin and means
Inquiry is the search for
There are two main types of scientific inquiry:
The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena

36. Discovery Science Discovery science describes
This approach is based on observation and the analysis of
Data are or items of information
Data fall into two categories
, or descriptions, rather than measurements
, or recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs

37. Inductive Reasoning Discovery science often employs
Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the logical process of induction
Repeat observations can lead to important
For example, “the sun always rises in the east”

38. Hypothesis-Based Science
Observations can lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called
A hypothesis is a
A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions that can be

39. Limitations of Hypotheses
A hypothesis must be
Hypothesis-based science often makes use of two or more alternative hypotheses
Failure to falsify a hypothesis that hypothesis
For example, you replace your flashlight bulb, and it now works
This the hypothesis that your bulb was burnt out, but (perhaps the first bulb was inserted incorrectly)

40. Deductive Reasoning Hypothesis-based science involves the use of
Deductive reasoning uses premises to make predictions
For example, organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction)

41. Scientific Method The scientific method is an
Hypothesis-based science is based on the “textbook” but rarely follows all the ordered steps
has made important contributions with very little dependence on the so-called scientific method
However, we will identify steps in order to grasp its parts

42. Scientific Method Parts
Identify
Make
Create a
Design a
Analyze and make a

43. Case Study: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations
Many poisonous species are brightly colored, which
are harmless species that closely resemble poisonous species
Henry Bates hypothesized that this mimicry evolved in as an adaptation that
This hypothesis was tested with the poisonous eastern coral snake (top) and its mimic the nonpoisonous scarlet king snake (bottom)

44. Hypothesis
Both species live in the Carolinas, but the king snake is also found in regions poisonous coral snakes
If predators inherit an avoidance of the coral snake’s coloration, then the in the regions where coral snakes are present

45. Experiment
To test this mimicry hypothesis, researchers made hundreds of artificial snakes:
An resembling king snakes
A resembling plain brown snakes
of both types were placed at field sites, including areas without poisonous coral snakes

46. Conclusion
After four weeks, the scientists retrieved the artificial snakes and bite or claw marks
The data fit the predictions of the mimicry hypothesis: the in the geographic region where coral snakes were found

47. Controlled Experiment
A controlled experiment compares an (the artificial king snakes) (the artificial brown snakes)
Ideally, only the (the color pattern of the artificial snakes) differs between the control and experimental groups
A controlled experiment means that control groups are used to
A controlled experiment does mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant

48. Theories & Laws In the context of science, a is:
broader in scope than a hypothesis
general, and can lead to new testable hypotheses
supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis
Example:
described as an
supported by a larger population (usually outside of the scientific community) than a theory

49. Limitations of Science
In science, observations and experimental results must also be
Science , which are outside the bounds of science

50. Science & Technology Science and technology are
The goal of technology is to for some specific purpose
Biology is marked by while technology is marked by

51. Science & Society
The combination of science and technology has dramatic effects on society
Example, the discovery of DNA allowed for advances in DNA technology
can arise from new technology, but have as much to do with as with science and technology

52. Review Questions Explain the unity and diversity of life.
Name and describe the 7 characteristics of life.
Correctly identify the various levels of organization from a molecule to the biosphere.
Describe the contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus to taxonomy.
Define, in order, the 8 levels of scientific classification.
Name and describe the 3 domains.
Identify 5 major kingdoms, along with important characteristics of each.
Explain how viruses are classified and why.
Define scientific inquiry and name 2 types.
Define describe 2 different types of data.
Name and describe 2 different types of reasoning.
Explain the use of the scientific method and its “textbooks” parts.
Explain a controlled experiment.
Differentiate between hypothesis, theories, and laws.
State 2 limitations of science and explain the relationship between science and technology.