1. U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 2
SETTLING OUT WEST

2. Mining industry Boomtowns Vigilance committees
Colorado: gold finds leads to statehood
Leadville
Denver
Dakota Territory: Black Hills = gold
Montana: copper
Arizona: copper
Tombstone – Wyatt Earp

3. Mining technology
Placer mining: extract shallow deposits – shovels, picks, pans
Sluice mining: diverting of rivers into trenches. Minerals settle at bottom of trench & prevented from flowing further by a screen
Hydraulic mining: high pressured water sprayed at hill or mountain exposing minerals. Damages land.

4. DRY PLACER MINING

5. SLUICE MINING

6. HYDRAULIC MINING

7. RANCHING & CATTLE DRIVES
Texas Longhorn
Open range
End will be caused by overgrazing of land, farmers, bad weather, & barbed wire
Need for beef out east led to need for cattle
Long drives: Sedalia, MI 1866.
Chisholm Trail to Abilene, KS
Cowboy Life: vaqueros, 14+ hours per day

8. TEXAS LONGHORN
MEXICAN VAQUERO

10. SETTLING THE HISPANIC SOUTHWEST
California: “forty-niners”
Mexican Americans who had land grants from Spain attempted to keep land. Problem: boundaries not definitive
New Mexico: Las Gorras Blancas will raid ranches owned by English speakers as they were upset over fencing of land. Will begin influencing NM public affairs through legislature
Barrios: communities of Hispanics

11. FARMING THE PLAINS
Great Plains: west of Mississippi & east of Rocky mountains
Challenges: weather, grasshoppers, fires

12. FARMING THE PLAINS Homes are dugouts or soddies.
Wells for water are over 100 feet, pumped out by hand
Settlement increased due to federal land policy & completion of transcontinental railroad

13. SODDIE

14. DUGOUT

15. FARMING THE PLAINS
Railroads: land grants given by federal government. Union Pacific & Central Pacific complete the 1st transcontinental railroad. Leftover land would be sold to prospective settlers
Land: Homestead Act – 160 acres to citizen or intended citizen who was head of house. Exodusters – African Americans who moved from Reconstruction South to KS for land

16. May 10, 1869
Promontory Point , Utah

17. EXODUSTERS
ADVERTISEMENT FOR LAND

18. THE WHEAT BELT
Morrill Act: 30k acres of land to sell for $ to fund existing colleges or create new ones focused on agriculture & mechanical arts
Sodbusters would lose homes due to droughts, wind erosion, & over use of land
Dry farming: plant seed deep where moisture would allow them to grow
Innovations: steel plow (John Deere), reapers (Cyrus McCormick), grain drill, barbed wire, corn binder

20. HARD TIMES FOR FARMERS
Wheat belt farmers experienced severe drought, world market competition which caused prices to drop, heavy debt for machinery, overcharged for shipping by railroads, & mortgage payments
Railroads brought in lumber, brick, coal, & manufactured goods – all items for settlements & homes

21. HARD TIME FOR FRONTIERS
Frontier began to close with Yellowstone National Park Oklahoma Land Rush April 1889 was last large territory that was open to settlement.

23. STRUGGLES FOR THE Plains indians
Tribes lived a nomadic life. Following the buffalo – their main source of food, shelter, & clothing
Family life involved small extensions that tied them to other bands who spoke the same language

24. BUFFALO HUNT, UNDER THE WOLF SKIN  
by George Catlin 1830's

25. Struggles for the plains Indians
Settlers continued to push westward on the premise that Native Americans had not “settled” the land & that they did not “own” the land. Native Americans believed no one could own the land.
Settlers deprived Native Americans of hunting grounds & would constantly break treaties with them & force them to relocate

26. DAKOTA SIOUX UPRISING
Dakota (Sioux tribe) settled their conflict with settlers in Minnesota by agreeing to live on a reservation in exchange for annuities. Many of the Dakota lived in poverty & starvation. When the local traders refused to provide them with food, the Dakota rebelled, killing hundreds of settlers. Over 300 Dakota were sentenced to death by a military tribunal. Lincoln reviewed the evidence & sentenced only 38. The remaining Dakota fled the reservation & were exiles in what becomes known as the Dakota territory.

27. RED CLOUD’S WAR
Bozeman Trail: Settlers used & settled along this trial that ran through the Lakota (Sioux tribe) hunting grounds
Leaders: Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, & Sitting Bull

29. RED CLOUD’S WAR
December 1866: Lakota ambushed Captain William Fetterman & his soldiers, killing 80. Skirmished continued & government will close the trail.
Treaty of Fort Laramie provided the Sioux a reservation along the Missouri River. Not all tribes signed (Sitting Bull). All tribes were still under the impression that they could still use their hunting grounds

30. SAND CREEK MASSACRE
Colorado 1860s: tensions between miners & Cheyenne & Arapaho tribes escalated. Native Americans raided wagon trains & ranches. By 1864 over 200 settlers were dead. Governor persuaded the Native Americans to surrender at Fort Lyon for food & protection.

31. SAND CREEK MASSACRE
November 1864: Chief Black Kettle brought Cheyenne tribe to Fort Lyon. Major Scot Anthony allowed them to camp at Sand Creek.
Colonel John Chivington & Colorado Volunteers attacked Black Kettle’s camp. Results: over 200 Native Americans, mostly women & children, were massacred on Nov. 29, 1864

32. SAND CREEK MASSACRE
Shaded area represents land reserved for the Cheyennes and Arapahos under the Fort Laramie Treaty of Black area represents the reduced land area allotted to the Indians in the Fort Wise Treaty of 1861

33. ATTEMPTS FOR PEACE
Indian Peace Commission in 1867: proposed two large reservations – 1 for Sioux, other for Southern Plains Indian tribes. Commissioned pressured them to sign but unable to ensure that their leaders or followers would abide by it. There was no provision that would keep settlers from violating the new treaties. – SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 86
Native Americans who went to reservations faced same hardships that caused the Dakota to act violently

34. LAST NATIVE AMERICAN WARS
Professional buffalo hunters, settlers, & railroad companies arbitrarily killed buffalo forcing the Native Americans onto reservations

35. Last native American wars
Red River War: Kiowa & Comanche tribes engaged in 6 years of raids. U.S. army destroyed villages, horses, killed warriors, & took women & children to reservations

36. BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN
Prospectors looking for gold went into Black Hills that was on the Lakota tribe (Sioux) reservation in Dakota Territory. Members decided that treaty was violated & left reservation to hunt in Bighorn Mountains

37. BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN
Government sent Lt. Colonel George A. Custer & 7th Calvary
Custer decided to attack the Lakota & Cheyenne tribes only to be defeated – ALL died
Newspapers stated that this was a massacre & Custer was the victim
SEE MAP PG. 73

39. Crazy Horse
Sitting Bull

40. TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE
Lakota Sioux members performed the Ghost Dance – a hoped-for day when the settlers would disappear, buffalo would return, & they would be reunited with their dead ancestors. This dance was forbidden on reservation as government feared it would lead to violence
Sitting Bull who had returned from Canada would be blamed for the defiance. Government tried to arrest him, supporters interfered, resulting in gunfire that killed Sitting Bull

41. TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE
December 29, 1890: group of Ghost Dancers fled after Sitting Bull’s death & engaged army at Wounded Knee Creek in SD resulting in the deaths of 25 soldiers, 200 Lakota men, women, & children (approx.)

43. THE DAWES ACT
Assimilation

44. THE DAWES ACT
Dawes Act 1887: method to “Americanize” Native Americans. Broke up reservations in 160 acres each to head of household, 80 acres to unmarried Native American adults, & 40 acres to each child. Land in excess to be sold to white settlers giving profits to Native Americans to purchase supplies & equipment. Those who stayed on their allotment for 25 years were granted citizenship

45. THE DAWES ACT
Failures of act: profits not given to Native Americans, too little training or enthusiasm to become a farmer (homesteader), few stayed long enough to qualify for citizenship, too dependent on buffalo
SEE MAP PG. 85

46. FUTURE FOR NATIVE AMERICANS
Citizenship Act 1924: gives ALL Native Americans citizenship
Indian Reorganization Act 1934: reverses Dawes Act, restores some reservation lands, gave tribes control over those lands & allowed for tribal governments