1. Network manager, solid waste
Climate Change through Sound Waste Management: Experiences from C40 Cities
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Sandton Convention Centre, Johannesburg
Amrita sinha kataria,
Network manager, solid waste
I'm going to talk to you today about trends in cities, including common challenges and patterns of success.
First, I will tell you a little about C40 cities, and their connection to waste management
With this final presentation of the morning, I'm asking you to adjust your perspective a little: to see how relevant sound waste management is to mitigating climate change effects.

2. Megacities and Climate Change
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Megacities and Climate Change
The world's megacities are on the front lines of climate change, accountable for the lion's share of emissions, and at the same time the most vulnerable to its impacts
the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group is a global network of the world's megacities and their mayors, working to reduce carbon emissions and climate risk

3. The C40 Cities Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Addis Ababa
Amman
Amsterdam
Athens
Austin
Bangkok
Barcelona
Basel
Beijing
Berlin
Bogota
Boston
Buenos Aires
Cairo
Cape Town
Caracas
Changwon
Chicago
Copenhagen
Curitiba
Dar es Salaam
Delhi
Dhaka
Durban
Hanoi
Heidelberg
Ho Chi Minh City
Hong Kong
Houston
Istanbul
Jaipur
Jakarta
Johannesburg
Karachi
Lagos
Lima
London
Los Angeles
Madrid
Melbourne
Mexico City
Milan
Moscow
Mumbai
Nairobi
New Orleans
New York
Oslo
Paris
Philadelphia
Portland
Quito
Rio de Janeiro
Rome
Rotterdam
Salvador
San Francisco
Santiago
Sao Paulo
Seattle
Seoul
Shanghai
Shenzhen
Singapore
Stockholm
Sydney
Tokyo
Toronto
Tshwane
Vancouver
Venice
Warsaw
Washington, DC
Wuhan
Yokohama
Updated Mar 20, 2015 Luan
Added the Amman, Durban, Jaipur, Quito and Salvador (dots and list)

4. Membership of Mayors & Governors
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Membership of Mayors & Governors

5. SSWS W2R C40 Waste Networks CCAC MSWI PARTNERSHIPS
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
C40 Waste Networks
SSWS
Landfills and LFG, Integrated planning, community projects, technology evaluation…
PARTNERSHIPS
CCAC MSWI
Technical assistance, city exchanges, workshops & capacity building, project launch support…
W2R
Food Waste, Waste Reduction, Pay as you Throw, Circular Economy…
When we bring officials together, in informal working groups, we create networks around a common issue.
We have 16 networks around different urban climate change priorities, and two of them are focussed on waste
Best practice exchange, joint projects, technical assistance, policy research, international advocacy
the C40 Solid Waste Initiative is harnessing the wealth of experience and knowledge existing within C40 member cities, creating connections between peers across cities in order to ensure active exchange of knowledge, experience, best practices, and lessons learnt.
One of 10 initiatives under the CCAC
Lead partners include the U.S. EPA, Canada, Japan, Mexico, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, International Solid Waste Association, World Bank…
Focuses on reducing SLCP emissions from the waste sector through:
Technical assistance (e.g., assessments)
Capacity building (e.g., trainings)
Replication and networking
Key SLCPs from waste sector:
Methane
Black carbon

6. Regional Distribution
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Regional Distribution

7. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Network Engagements

8. Why Waste and Climate Change?
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Why Waste and Climate Change?
3% of global GHG emissions
14% of all GHG emissions in Latin America
THE IMPORTANCE OF WASTE
Globally, waste management is responsible for 3% of the overall GHG emissions. Landfills are the third largest anthropogenic source of methane, accounting for approximately 11 per cent of estimated global methane emissions.
In some cities where energy utlization is lower, this figure can be higher and this is particularly acute in regions like Latin America, where waste management can be responsible for up to 14% of the total GHG emissions, primarily from methane emissions from landfills.
3% may not sound like a huge number, however, waste generation is increasing faster than any other environmental pollutant, including CO2, and it is growing faster in the developing regions where the contribution to overall GHG emissions is higher. [CAUTION ABOUT COMPARING APPLES TO ORANGES.]
Waste management challenges are particularly acute in emerging cities as they face increased consumption and demand for better services. Mismanaged waste contaminates local ground water through uncontrolled leachate, and accelerates the transmission of communicable diseases. In light of population growth and urbanisation as well as changing consumption patterns, the World Bank projects that municipal solid waste streams will nearly double worldwide by 2025, placing increasing pressure on cities to manage this growing and complex challenge.
As per the latest New Climate Economy Report, by 2030, around 60% of the global population will live in urban areas. Cities and urban areas will house nearly all of the world’s net population growth over the next two decades: 1.4 million people are being added to urban areas each week, roughly the population of Stockholm. By 2050, the urban population will increase by at least 2.5 billion, reaching two-thirds of the global population. This urban transition is being driven by cities in the developing world, where 90% of urban growth is projected to take place.
Therefore, 3% may not sound like a huge number, however,
Waste generation is increasing faster than any other environmental pollutant, including CO2.
And it is growing faster in the developing regions where the contribution to overall GHG emissions is higher.
Waste management challenges are particularly acute in emerging cities as they face increased consumption and demand for better services.
During the 20th century, the world’s population became more affluent and is consuming more. Waste generation increased tenfold! By 2025 it will double again. If this trend continues, by 2100 it will triple!
Solid Waste consumes a disproportionate and unsustainable share of municipal budgets, leaving many communities without basic collection and disposal services, driving them to burn their waste -- with deleterious health impacts. Cities often rely on informal waste pickers, typically from impoverished and marginalized groups working in hazardous conditions, to help address this growing burden. Uncontrolled leachate contaminates ground water and increases incidence of vector-borne diseases. Waste is therefore not only an important climate challenge, but one that affects every aspect of life for millions of people around the world.
Waste is therefore a key area in which to reduce short-lived climate pollutants, to harness near-term climate benefits and realize significant health, economic, and environmental co-benefits.

9. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Major Climate Pollutant Emissions from the Waste Sector (focus on SLCPs)
Key SLCPs in MSW sector: Methane and Black Carbon
Methane:
Methane is produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic material
Key drivers:
Amount of organic waste deposited
Extent of anaerobic decomposition
Landfill cover properties
Methane oxidation rates
Black Carbon:
A component of particulate matter
Formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass
An aerosol (not a greenhouse gas)
Emissions patterns and trends vary significantly across regions, countries, and sources
Remains in the atmosphere for as little as a few days to a week before falling to the surface

10. A subset of greenhouse gases and aerosols that:
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
A subset of greenhouse gases and aerosols that:
Contribute to global warming and remain in the atmosphere for shorter time periods compared to other, long-lived greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide
Have detrimental impacts on human health, agriculture, ecosystems
Immediate mitigation of SLCPs could:
Reduce the amount of global climate warming we experience between now and 2050 by 0.5oC
Generate significant co-benefits for human health and agricultural productivity through reduced local air pollution
Examples:
Methane, black carbon, tropospheric ozone, hydrofluorocarbons

11. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015

12. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015

13. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015

14. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
But there are good news!
Reverting this dangerous trend is possible and cities are leading these actions.
But not everything is bad news.
It has been demonstrated that reverting this dangerous trend is possible and cities are leading these actions.
Waste management is the Climate Action Area where mayors exercise the largest amount of control, which is one of the reasons why the CCAC Municipal Solid Waste Initiative is focused on cities.

15. Key Findings for Waste CAM 2.0
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Key Findings for Waste CAM 2.0
Based on responses from 57 cities

16. Waste and Climate Commitments
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Waste and Climate Commitments
GOAL To move cities up the waste hierarchy through transformative, long lasting actions that can be implemented in a sustainable way, that are compatible with the local context and that are replicable through National policy support or through city to city collaboration.
Expansion
50 cities by December 2015
150+ cities by 2020
1,000 cities by 2020
Leverage
Replication through national level support and city to city
collaborations
Private sector engagement to mobilize resources to accelerate
implementation
Inspiring and catalyzing global action
Measuring and communicating our impact and benefits
Go beyond capture emissions to prevent them – recycling, reduction at source
The work and the results of the CCAC MSW Initiative are encouraging, but to have a meaningful impact over global SLCP emissions and waste management practices, a lot more needs to be done.
Last year, at the UN Secretary General Climate Summit in New York, the CCAC MSW Initiative and its partners announced its commitment to scale up its support for cities and national governments to to develop and carry out quantifiable plans for SLCP reduction from the waste sector. Public-private partnerships will be built to mobilize project financing and technology transfer and implement local actions to immediately reduce SLCP emissions. The impacts on emission reductions and human health, along with sustainable development benefits, will be measured and shared with coalition partners.
Because of these ambitious goals, we have been reaching out to you and your governments to help us strengthen the Initiative and help us mobilise support and enthusiasm.
These goals will not be reached without the support and hard work of each one of you. As you work to improve your solid waste systems locally, you will generate valuable lessons, and we will continue to support your collaboration to share those lessons and accelerate other cities to do further improvements and collectively reduce our SLCP emissions and improve people’s quality of life, health and social justice. Mayor Tau Jo'burg launches Action Statement on Municipal Solid Waste SLCP reduction.

17. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Johannesburg
The city has embarked on minimisation strategies, recycling programmes and separation-at-source campaigns targeting households and commercial buildings
In the process of converting five landfill sites from flaring to power generation, expected to produce 19MW.
Looking to learn from other cities experienced developing waste management policies and strategies that address informal sector issues
Leading community based programs for recycling and value added recyclables processing
Looking to learn from other cities experienced developing waste management policies and strategies that address informal sector issues – collaborated with Rio, Delhi and Buenos Aires

18. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Rio de Janeiro
Working to improve leachate management at landfills to increase treatment capacity and LFG collection efficiency
Working to evaluate alternative LFG utilization technologies, including direct use and vehicle use
Implementing pilot program for voluntary organics collection from large generators for composting
Working to optimize collection routes to increase service quality and reduce fuel consumption and associated GHG emissions
Stated goal of increasing recycling efficiency. Looking at technology and community based approaches
Leachate Management Training – Visit to Gramacho Landfill
Caju Composting Facility
Working with the US EPA
LAST BULLET -

19. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Dar es Salaam
Developing work plan to build an integrated waste treatment center, which includes composting, sanitary landfill disposal and LFG capture
Focused in improving waste collection, transportation and disposal through socially inclusive strategies
Looking to develop an integrated plan and legal framework to support the infrastructure development and private sector participation
Plans to develop a landfill-gas to energy project and is interested in exploring energy technologies like waste to fuel and anaerobic digestion
The regional strategy for waste is being updated

20. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Dhaka
Engaged in a long term strategy to develop an integrated waste management system – Clean Dhaka Master Plan
Has achieved an increase in waste collection efficiency from less than 40% to more than 70% since 2005
Working with the CCAC/US-EPA to improve disposal processes and develop small community composting facilities and large facilities through PPPs
Received capacity building training to Implement better landfill operation and maintenance
Interested in WTE systems that can handle wet waste
Organic waste collected from
wholesale produce market •
Since 2006, 100 tons per day
composted at facility outside
city –
Owned by Waste Concern
Compost sold to farmers
through fertilizer distributor
Project registered with
UNFCCC
for carbon credits
Waste collection and transportation
Achieve 100% municipal waste collection
Develop digital comprehensive database of primary and secondary collection
Construct transfer stations
Close all open dumping points in community and commercial areas
Recycling and organic waste management
Promote separation of waste at source & implement national 3R
policy
Manage organics waste (CCAC)
Waste disposal
Implement waste to energy project
Implement better landfill operation and maintenance (CCAC)
Waste management policies and education
Formulate policies for waste management
Expand environmental education

21. Major environmental and social goals for this project:
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Buenos Aires
Developed a five-fold strategy to implement the ‘waste reduction plan’ in the City
Goals
To treat 100% of waste prior to being sent to landfills
To reduce overall waste sent to landfills by 83% by 2017
To achieve a recycling rate of over 65% by the end of the project
To generate new employment opportunities
Achievements
Over 4,000 ‘urban recycler’ jobs created
Awareness campaign launched
44% reduction in waste sent to landfills
Waste transfer stations have been installed
‘Green Centers’ launched for recyclable materials,
along with a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant
Progress made in containerization and lateral collection of SUW in order to avoid garbage bags on the streets, mitigate smell and improve the street’s aesthetics.
An intensive awareness campaign to educate citizens – children and adults – on how to sort, separate and deposit waste correctly.
Major environmental and social goals for this project:
To generate new employment opportunities and foster greater social participation and transparency in the waste and recycling chain.
Waste transfer stations have been installed; positive impact on CO2 reduction generated by transportation.
Over 4,000 ‘urban recylcer’ jobs created, with 2,000 more expected.
Awareness campaign launched.
As of January 2014, there has been a 44% reduction in waste sent to landfills compared with the previous year.
Waste transfer stations have been installed.
‘Green Centers’ launched for recyclable materials, along with a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant
An estimated 3 million people live in Buenos Aires – a number that doubles during the day with the influx of commuters – generating more than 6,000 tonnes of waste per day. The city faces the twofold problem of a large solid waste load and limited capacity to absorb waste in landfills. There is little available free land for the construction of Solid Urban Waste (SUW) treatment plants, and the installation of landfills inside the territory of the City of Buenos Aires is also unfeasible.  
There are two major environmental goals for this project: to treat 100% of waste prior to being sent to landfills, and to reduce overall waste sent to landfills by 83% by 2017, with the recycling rate expected to reach 68% by the end of the project. The project has also been designed to generate new employment opportunities and foster greater social participation and transparency in the waste and recycling chain. Thus far, over 4,000 ‘urban recylcer’ jobs have been created, with 2,000 more expected, in a sustained effort to create long-term formal employment growth.
The city’s administration is currently implementing an intensive awareness campaign to educate citizens – children and adults – on how to sort, separate and deposit waste correctly. As of January 2014, there has been a 44% reduction in waste sent to landfills compared with the previous year. Progress has been made in containerization and lateral collection of SUW in order to avoid garbage bags on the streets, mitigate smell and improve the street’s aesthetics. Waste transfer stations have been installed, which has had a positive impact in C02 reduction generated by transportation. The City has also launched ‘Green Centers’ for recyclable materials, arid waste and pruning residue, and installed a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant.
The webinar provided the platform to discuss the lessons learned in the creation and execution of the waste reduction plan, challenges faced and strategies being used to overcome those challenges, giving attending cities the chance to ask questions and learn about Buenos Aires’ waste reduction plan in detail, as well as share examples of similar practices happening elsewhere. Any city currently working on or seeking to implement a waste management plan, which covers the generation, recycling, and deviation of landfill waste, should consider connecting with Buenos Aires. 
‘Green Centers’ launched for recyclable materials, arid waste and pruning residue, along with a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant

22. Milan 1,200 household collection vehicles. 30% running on clean CNG
Joburg Waste Summit March 2015
Milan
1,200 household collection vehicles. 30% running on clean CNG
Best integration of recyclables recovery, organics processing and energy recovery
Successful implementation of transparent bag program for residuals collection
Segregated organics collection operating in 42% of the City by 2013, 100% in 2014
Organic waste household kit
The case of Milan shows how it is possible to separate organic waste in densely populated metropolitan cities, with excellent quantitative results and high standards of the collection service
The door to door organic waste collection has exceeded our expectations, leading Milan to 50% recycling (May 2014) with just three-quarters of the city served
The waste collection system adopted by Amsa – door to door - proves to be more efficient compared to other methods adopted by Italian and European cities in order to achieve the recycling targets set by the European Directives
The door to door service provides a better quality of all recyclable fractions and generally less quantity of residual waste
The collection service has been designed taking into account the needs of comfort for the user, considering particularly the aspects related to hygiene, hence the decision to use ventilated kitchen bins and biodegradable bags that help maintain cleanliness and reducing unwanted odors
Finally anaerobic digestion as final treatment guarantees both energy recovery (biogas) and production of good quality compost

23. The Road Ahead… Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
Direct emissions: emissions directly
associated with waste operations such
as waste transport.
Net emissions: direct emissions minus
indirect savings.
Indirect savings: emissions avoided
in other economic sectors thanks to
better waste management.
Assess the impact of current waste
management on the entire economy’s
carbon footprint;
Identify potential improvements in waste
planning, including low
hanging fruits; •
Systematically test their contribution to the
reduction of GHGs using appropriate tools;
Adapt the climate and waste strategies to
maximise the identified synergies

24. Thank you!
For further information or to get in touch please contact –
Amrita Sinha at
Network Manager, Solid Waste
C40

25. Joburg Waste Summit 24-25 March 2015
References/Sources
SCREEN SHOT/COMBINED GRAPHICS FROM
SLCPs and waste sector emissions- (US-EPA/ STRATUS CONSULTING)