1. “Thousands have lived without love, no one without water.”
Water Disputes
“Thousands have lived without love, no one without water.”

2. Water Disputes History 1947
Punjab, Sindh and Bahawalpur were dependant of the water of Madhupur and Feropur head works
Madhupur
Ravi, upper bari doaab
Feropur
Satlug ,Lower barri doaab ,Debalpur, Eserman Stream for Bahawapur
Committee B (Responsible for division of Punjab) decleared ,water disputes ;settled !
Punjab High Court Judges, Justice Din Muhammad and Justice Muhammad Munir, both nominees of the Muslim League, and Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan and Justice Teja Singh (nominees of the Indian National Congress).

3. Cont…
Tenure of Commission ended on and India stopped water on
water restored on humanitarian grounds
Ch.Muhammad Ali “it was criminal negligence” by Committee-B (emergence of Pakistan)
1954 foil attempt of WB to settle the issue
1958, Water was stopped again

4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Indus River System, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Indus – 168 MAF (pre-partition).
Punjab Irrigation System – the largest Irrigation Network Drawing 107,350 cusecs from Indus River System.
Important Headworks at Ferozepure and Madhupur which fed about 1.7 million Acres in Western Punjab (Pakistan) were given to Eastern Punjab (India).
Chairman Boundary Commission Cyril Radcliffe assumed in his award that existing system will continue.
“I think it only right to express the hope that, where the drawing of a boundary line cannot avoid disrupting such unitary services as canal irrigation, railways and electric power transmission, a solution may be found between the two states for some joint control of what has hitherto been a valuable common service.”

5. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The Committee on “Division of Physical Assets” was formed to settle questions of future management of joint assets by Punjab Partition Committee
The Committee gave a unanimous report on the issue of post partition water shares of East & West Punjab. “The Committee is agreed that there is no question of varying the authorized shares of water to which the two zones and various canals are authorized.”
Accordingly a standstill agreement “to continue status quo till 31st March 1948” was made between Chief Engineers (designate) of East and West Punjab
At the expiry of standstill agreement India severed supplies to Pakistan from Madhupur and Ferozpur Headworks on 1st April 1948

6. Pakistan India’s Claim
CLAIM OF PARTIES
Pakistan
Existing (Historical) uses to be sacred
Excess water could be divided according to area and population etc.
The principle had support of several treaties
India’s Claim
Upper riparian has an absolute right
Lower riparian can only get it under an agreement or treaty

7. World Bank’s offer to the two Prime Ministers – 6th September, 1951
RESOLUTION OF DISPUTE
World Bank’s offer to the two Prime Ministers – 6th September, 1951
Difficulties in resolution
World Bank’s proposal – 5th February, 1954
Resolution in terms of Treaty
Contribution by friendly countries for Replacement Works

8. World Bank to provide grants and loans to construct replacement works
BASIS FOR RESOLUTION
Due to the availability of water in Western Rivers, the replacement works could be a solution
World Bank to provide grants and loans to construct replacement works
Independent control and regulation of works

9. EXCAVATION (MILLION CU. YDS.)
REPLACEMENT WORKS
LINK CANALS
LINK CANALS
CAPACITY (CUSECS)
LENGTH (MILES)
EXCAVATION (MILLION CU. YDS.)
1. TRIMMU-SIDHNAI
11,000 44
21.0
2. SIDHNAI-MAILSI
10,100 62
31.3
3. MAILSI-BAHAWAL
3,900 10
2.4
4. RASUL-QADIRABAD
19,000 30
38.3
5. QADIRABAD-BALLOKI
18,600 80
80.3
6. L.C.C. FEEDER
4,100 20
8.0
7. BOLLIKI-SULEIMANDE-II
6,500 39
20.5
8. CHASHMA-JHELUM
21,700 63
118.9
9. TAUNSA-PANJNAD
12,000 38
22.5
Cont…/2

10. FLOOD OF RECORD (CUSECS) LENGTH OF BARRAGE (FEET)
REPLACEMENT WORKS
BARRAGES
BARRAGE
RIVER
FLOOD OF RECORD (CUSECS)
DESIGN FLOOD (CUSECS)
LENGTH OF BARRAGE (FEET)
1. SIDHNAI
RAVI
167,000
712
2. MAILSI SIPHON
SUTLEJ
427,000
429,000
1601
3. QADIRABAD
CHENAB
912,000
900,000
3373
4. RASUL
JHELUM
876,000
850,000
3209
5. CHASHMA
INDUS
1176,000
950,000
3556
6. MARALA
1023,000
1100,000
4472
Cont…/3

11. GROSS STORAGE CAPACITY
REPLACEMENT WORKS
STORAGE RESERVOIRS
STORAGE
RIVER
GROSS STORAGE CAPACITY
(MILLION ACRE FEET)
1. MANGLA
JHELUM
4.674
2. CHASHMA
INDUS
0.497
3. TARBELA
8.192

12. SCOPE OF TREATY Rights and Obligations of Parties
Agricultural Uses on Western Rivers
Hydroelectric Works
Storage Works
Settlement of Differences and Disputes
Modification of Treaty

13. EASTERN AND WESTERN RIVERS
Eastern Rivers
Ravi
Sutlej
Beas
Western Rivers
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab

14. PROVISIONS REGARDING WESTERN RIVERS (INDUS, JHELUM AND CHENAB)
(1) Pakistan shall receive for unrestricted use all waters of Western Rivers
(2) India shall not interfere with the waters of Western Rivers except for following uses:
(a) Domestic Use
(b) Non-Consumptive use
(c) Agricultural Use (limited)
(d) Generation of Hydro-electric Power
(e) Storage Works (limited)

15. INDIA’S APPROACH TO TREATY OBLIGATIONS
Being a winner, India response was positive
Officers of combined Punjab had good working relations
After 1965 and 1971 war political environment shadowed technical issues.
Intends dilution of Treaty provision

16. PAKISTAN’S APPROACH TO TREATY OBLIGATIONS
Basis of the Treaty was a conflict between two nations
The Treaty was a trade of Western & Eastern Rivers
Being lower riparian needs protection of the Treaty
Consider the Western rivers as a life line

17. Baglihar Dam Issue

18. PROVISIONS REGARDING WESTERN RIVERS (INDUS, JHELUM AND CHENAB)
(1) PAKISTAN SHALL RECEIVE FOR UNRESTRICTED USE ALL WATERS OF WESTERN RIVERS
(2) INDIA SHALL NOT INTERFERE WITH THE WATERS OF WESTERN RIVERS EXCEPT FOR FOLLOWING USES:
(A) DOMESTIC USE
(B) NON-CONSUMPTIVE USE
(C) AGRICULTURAL USE (LIMITED)
(D) GENERATION OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
(E) STORAGE WORKS (LIMITED)

19. FEATURES OF THE DAM QUESTIONED
Freeboard
Pondage
Level of Power Intake
Level and Size of Spillway Gates

20. OUTCOME/DECISION BY NEUTRAL EXPERT
Freeboard
India’s application of design criteria was wrong. Reduced freeboard by 33% (i.e. from 4.5 m to 3.0 m).
Level of Power Intake
India wrongly designed and located the power intake. Raised it by 3 m.
Pondage
Reduced pondage from MCM to MCM.
Spillway
India’s analysis is incorrect: “not representative of reality” and is “illusory”.
NE suggested no change by invoking international practice and the state of the art.

21. CURRENT STATUS
The Permanent Indus Commission recently undertook the Tour of Inspection to the site of Baglihar Hydroelectric Plant in order to verify the incorporation in the design of the Project the determination of the Neutral Expert.
It was observed that all the changes in design as determined by the Neutral Expert have been incorporated.
Decision in favor of INDIA

22. Wular Barrage
Wular Lake barrage disrupts the flow of water into the Jhelum River, which flows into Pakistan because the capacity of the  Wular Lake barrage is 3.0MAF while according to the  proviso of an Indus water treaty, to construct an ‘incidental storage capacity’ the design has to be examined and approved by the Pakistan on one hand and the storage capacity does not exceed 0.1 MAF of water

23. Pakistan’s worry
Wular Lake is situated in an Indian occupied Jummu and Kashmir and The River Jhelum flows into the lake
According to Indus water treaty India has right to use the water of the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi before the point where the river enters into Pakistan whilst the Pakistan has the right over the Jhelum, the Chenab and the Indus river.
Pakistan’s main worry was the barrage on that site could jeopardize and effectively damage the three canal system consisting of Upper Jhelum Canal, Upper Chenab Canal and Lower Bari Doab Canal

24. Kishanganga HEP

25. Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant
At Jhelum River basin
Bandipore in Jammu and Kashmir
India and will have an installed capacity of 330 MW
Construction on the project began in 2007 and is expected to be complete in 2016
Construction on the dam was halted though by the Hague's Permanent Court of Arbitration in October 2011 due to Pakistan's protest of its effect on the flow of the Kishanganga River ,called the Neelum River in Pakistan
In February 2013, the Hague ruled that India could divert a minimum amount of water for power generation

26. India should think that dying cat can strike out the big dog
Cont…
The thought provoking point is why India initiates all projects on the water the rights of which have been given to the  Pakistan
India should think that dying cat can strike out the big dog

27. Nature of Dispute of Water
Initial failure of Boundary Commission Committee B
The river water sharing was made an issue by the partition plan
Indus Water Treaty- Lost three rivers
Interpretation of clauses of IWT
Control of Water
Storage
Flow
Usage
Diversion of flow
Water as War tool
Long last issue since 1947
Every settlement is after 3rd party interference
Water adds to the importance of Kashmir

28. River system for Pakistan
Pakistani dependence is many fold:
1) The foremost is Pakistani agricultural dependence.
2) The dams constructed en-route the rivers are the largest source of water supply for irrigation
3) The river water is used for hydroelectric power generation
4) The water is used for drinking.
5) Less importance is that the river water is used as source of sweet water fish in Pakistan.

30. Importance of Water
Life line of Agriculture and Agriculture is life line of Economy
Water Issue has two dimensions
International- Non Availability of Water may hamper the Survival
Dispute with India and Emerging dispute with Afghanistan
Internal Dispute-May hamper the national Integration
Distribution of Water
Total Availability 147 MAF usage 102, Wastage 32
Silting of Mangla and Terbela (20-25%)
Decrease in Table-Water (75 Meters)
Largest Canals Irrigation System dependant on water from Rivers

31. Important issue to understand
Rabi –Winter- October to March
Khraif-Summer-April to September
Mangla gets water from Jehlum-like eastern rivers is an Early river
Terbela-Indus- is later river
Kharif sowing season starts early in Sindh
Sindh gets water from Terbela so Sindh cant get water for early Kharif so Sindh ask water from Mangla
When Sindh needs water from Mangla it’s a time to fill Mangla for Punjab-for Rabi about 4 MAF,
When Sindh needs water for Kharif sowing

32. “Thousands have lived without love, not one without water.”
As W.H. Auden says:
“Thousands have lived without love, not one without water.”