1. Studying Space SOL version

2. The Universe How Old? -- 13.7-15 billion years old How did it begin? – The Big Bang Theory

3. Galaxy Groups of stars & nebulae Our galaxy: –Milky Way Galaxy –Spiral Types: –Spiral galaxy –Elliptical galaxy –Irregular galaxy

5. The Birth of a Star A nebulae of gas & dust starts to condense Temp => 10,000,000° C Fusion begins 2 Hydrogens  1 Helium

7. Stars Celestial bodies made up of Hydrogen & Helium Groups of stars are called Constellations Star Clusters/Globular Clusters – 100s of stars that move as 1 mass Binary Stars – pairs of stars that rotate around each other.

8. H-R diagram

9. Motion of stars Apparent motion tends to be circumpolar. There are 3 real motions –1) rotate on an axis –2) revolve around another star –3) move to or away from the earth

10. Distance in space Distance is measured in light-years 1 light–year = 9.5 trillion km Sun to earth = 8 light-minutes = 93 million miles = 1AU Proxima Centauri = 4.2 light-years away Polaris (North Star) = 700 light-years away.

11. Parallax of stars Aids scientists in measuring distance. It is the apparent shift of a star over a 6 month period. It is just like when you shut 1 eye & look at an object; then open the other & the object appears to have moved.

12. Our Star == SUN 3 Regions –Core H + H = He E=mc 2 –Inner zones –Atmosphere

13. Sunspots Cooler areas of the Sun Sunspot Cycle = 11 years Current cycle low in 1997  HIGH  to another low in 2008

14. Solar Flares Electrically charged particle are shot out into space Cause magnetic Storms Disrupt satellites & ISS

15. Solar Wind Flow out from the sun Ions shoot out toward the planets

16. Auroras Northern/Southern Lights

17. Solar Eclipses

18. Models of the Solar System Aristotle –Geocentric model –Earth in the middle Copernicus –Haliocentric model –Sun-centered –Proven by Galileo’s telescope –Identified Retrograde motion

19. Kepler’s Laws of Motion 1 st law: planets move in ellipses perihelon: closest to sun aphelion: farthest away

20. Kepler’s 2 nd law Law of Equal Areas Planets move fastest when they are closest to the sun. http://csep10.phys.utk. edu/astr162/lect/binari es/visual/kepleroldfra me.html http://csep10.phys.utk. edu/astr162/lect/binari es/visual/kepleroldfra me.html

21. Kepler’s 3 rd law of motion 1 astronomical unit = the distance from the earth to the sun = r 1 year = period of revolution = p For any planet: –K r 3 = p 2

22. Newton’s use of Kepler’s Laws Gravity keeps the stars & planets in motion G = m1 x m2 d 2

23. Asteroids Most stay in the Asteroid Belt between Mars & Jupiter Large rocks left over from the creation of our solar system Very similar to earth rocks –Silicates –Iron & nickel –Carbon

24. Comets Orbit the sun in very large ellipses Oort cloud: origin of most comets – located beyond Pluto

25. Meteroids  meteors  meteorites

27. Lunar Eclipses