1. Figure 2.1: Immigration push and pull factors
Push factors
Pull factors
Economic
High unemployment
Demand for labor
Poverty
High wages
High taxes
Strong economic growth
Poor health care
Opportunity for advancement
Overpopulation
Schooling
Technology
Political and social
Generous welfare benefits
Discrimination
Low cost of living
War or oppression
Corruption
Crime
Family and friends
Compulsory military service
Rights and freedoms
Law and order
Other
Safety
Natural disaster
Famine
Climate change
Amenities
The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

2. The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015
Table 2.1: Top fifteen immigrant-sending countries and their emigration rates
Number of migrants
(millions)
Emigration rate
(%)
India
14.2
0.9
Mexico
13.2
10.7
Russia
10.8
7.9
China
9.3
0.6
Bangladesh
7.8
3.3
Pakistan
5.7
2.5
Ukraine
5.6
14.4
Philippines
5.5
4.6
Afghanistan
5.1
8.1
United Kingdom
5.0
7.5
Germany
4.0
4.3
Kazakhstan
3.8
23.6
Poland
3.7
8.2
West Bank and Gaza
3.6
68.3
Egypt
3.5
4.4
The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

3. Table 2.2: Passport and visa fees
Passport fees around the world in local currencies:
Australia
A$208
Mexico
1795 pesos
Canada
C$87
New Zealand
NZ$150
China
200 yuan
Russia
2500 rubles
France
89 €
Singapore
S$80
Germany
59 €
South Africa
R190
India
1000Rs
South Korea
55,000 won
Indonesia
250,000 rupiah
Thailand
1000 baht
Ireland
80 €
Trinidad & Tobago
TT$250
Israel
NIS 220
United Kingdom
£77.50
Japan
16,000¥
United States
US$135
The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

4. Table 2.2: Passport and visa fees
U.S. visa fees:
Nonimmigrant (temporary) visas:
Immigrant (permanent) visas:
Visitor or student
$160
Diversity lottery
$330
Temporary worker
$190
Family-based
$650
Fiancé(e) or spouse of U.S. citizen
$240
Intercountry adoption
$720
Treaty trader/investor
$270
Employment-based
$985
The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

5. Figure 2.2: The market for smuggling services
The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

6. Figure 2.3: Immigration under joint-decision making
The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

7. Figure 2.4: Emigration rate and source country GDP, 2010
The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015