1. Indian History

3. Indus River Valley Civilization (3000 – 1500 BCE) a.k.a. Harappan Civilization Achievements: – Paved, brick streets – Large multistoried buildings We know very little about them because we haven’t deciphered their writing system

5. Aryan Invasion (1500 BCE) Education system to make theirs a dominant culture Sanskrit (writing system) – we have not fully translated yet Caste System Their religion (Brahmanism) mixed with the ancient religion to make Hinduism

7. Mogul Empire (1526-1857 CE) Brought Islam to India Akbar the Great – Forged alliances with Hindu kingdoms Shah Jahan – “Golden Age” of Mogul architecture Taj Mahal Aurangzeb – Expanded the empire to 1.25 million square miles, 150 million subjects (1/4 of world population)

9. British Colony (1858-1947 CE) British East India Company attracted by wealth of Mogul India (spices, cotton, silk, indigo, salt, tea, and opium) Royal Charter in 1600 – allowed access to ports by Mogul emperors 1858 – British Crown assumed direct control (“The British Raj”)

12. Independence (1947) 1885 – Indian National Congress founded – Leaders educated in England – Eventually gained 15 million members and 70 million participants Mohandas Gandhi – Leader of Indian nationalism – Lawyer educated in London – Non-violent civil disobedience

14. Hindu-Muslim Relations Muslim minority worried about how they would be treated in an independent India Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League demanded an independent Muslim state

17. Partition (1947) Two states: India and Pakistan (East & West) 12.5 million people displaced 500,000 – 1 million people dead (estimates) Problems: – Independence was declared prior to partition so the new states had to maintain order – No plans for large population movements – Breakdown of law and order; riots, massacres and death from the journey

18. India-Pakistan Conflicts Competition for strategically located states (ex: Kashmir) – Autonomous under British; chose to remain autonomous after independence – 70% Muslim but the Maharaja of Kashmir was Hindu – 1947, 1965, 1971 wars for Kashmir – Status has not changed – split between India, Pakistan, and China – Water India buildup of military/nuclear power – Himalayas no longer provide protection (Who does India need protection from?)