1. Counseling or Psychotherapy?  Both Counseling and Psychotherapy Rely on the Same Theoretical Underpinnings  How Practitioners Implement Them May Vary  With More Education and Training You Can Do Counseling and Eventually Psychotherapy CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

2. Individual Versus Systems Approach to Clients  Individual Approach: Person Can Change e.g., Viktor Frankl, William Glasser  Systems Approach: Lives Are Seen Contextually e.g., Social and Family Systems CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

3. Why Have a Theory?  Offers Us a Comprehensive System of Doing Counseling  Helps Us Understand Clients, Offers Techniques, and Predicts Change  Theories Are Heuristic: They Are Researchable and Testable. CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

4. Views of Human Nature  Basis for Our Understanding of Theory  Major Orientations: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, & Cognitive  Offers Explanations for Why People Are Motivated to Do the Things They Do. CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

5. Deterministic Versus Antideterministic View of Human Nature  Deterministic View Asserts That There is Little Ability for the Person to Change  Determinism: Early Childhood, Biology, Genetics Determine Later Psychological Makeup Often Adheres to Medical Model  Antideterministic View Has Belief in the Ability of the Individual to Change CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

6. Directive Versus Nondirective Approach to Clients  Directive View Believes Clients Need Guidance in the Change Process  Nondirective View Has Trust in the Client's Own Ability to Make Change CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

7. Integrative Approach  Few Are Strictly Deterministic, Antideterministic, Directive, or Nondirective  Most People Today Take On an Integrative Approach Which Reflects Their Own Views of Human Nature CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

8. Major Theoretical Orientations Psychodynamic Approach  Originated by the Psychoanalytic Approach of Sigmund Freud  Freud Started Using Hypnosis: E.g., Conversion Reaction in Patients  Freud Developed a Complex Theory of Development See Chapter 5 CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

9. The Psychodynamic View of Human Nature  More Deterministic than Other Approaches: Freud, Others e.g., Kohut, Erikson, Adler, Jung  Believes That Drives Motivate Behavior and are Somewhat Unconscious  Believes Perceptions of our Childhood and Actual Events in Combination with Our Drives Affects Our Psyche and our Later Adult Development  Purpose: To Help the Person Understand Childhood Experiences, and How, in Combination with the Individual's Drives, They Motivate the Person. CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

10. Key Concepts of the Psychodynamic Approach  Developmental Stages Especially Freud  Early Patterns of Behaviors Are Repeated with our Significant Others  Transference The Human Service Professional's Use of the Psychodynamic Approach  Offers a Developmental Model to Understand the Individual  Helps Us Particularly to Understand Deviant Behavior  Gives Us an Understanding of the Importance of “Countertransference” CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

11. Behavioral Approach Three Main Orientations  Classical Conditioning Pavlov: CS Paired with UCS yields UCR  Operant Conditioning Skinner: Skinner Box  Social ‑ learning, or Modeling Bandura: Bobo Dolls CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

12. The Behavioral View of Human Nature  All Behavior is Learned  We are Conditioned by Reinforcers in our Environment  Antideterministic: What was Learned Can Be Relearned CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

13. Some Applications of the Behavioral Approach  Token Economy  Treatment of Phobias  Learning of Assertive Behavior The Human Service Professional's Use of the Behavioral Approach  One of the Most Commonly Used Approaches  E.g., Token Economies with the Mentally Retarded  E.g., Use of Reinforcement e.g., Weight Loss, Behavior Change, Stop Smoking  E.g., Modeling via Role ‑ playing CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

14. Humanistic Approach  Some Key People: Carl Rogers, Rollo May, and Abraham Maslow  Highlights the Strengths and Positive Aspects of the Individual CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

15. The Humanistic View of Human Nature  Origins in Existential Philosophy and Phenomenology  Antideterministic: We Have Choices and We Constantly Create Our Existence  Born with Some Type of Actualizing Tendency CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

16. Key Concepts of the Humanistic Approach  Person ‑ centered Approach of Carl Rogers  Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard, & Genuineness  Maslow: Hierarchical Approach of Needs The Human Service Professional's Use of the Humanistic Approach  Maslow's Hierarchy: A way of understanding the development of the person  Empathy, Being Nonjudgmental, & Being Genuine: Essential Qualities & Skills  Importance of the Helper/Client Relationship has Become Key CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

17. Cognitive Approach  Two Key Theorists: Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck  Stresses How Cognitions Affect our Behaviors and How we Feel CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

18. The Cognitive View of Human Nature  Not Born with Innate Goodness or Evil, Rational or Irrational Beings  Thinking Can Be Changed Through Counterconditioning  Antideterministic: We can Change Thinking, and Ultimately Behaviors and Feelings CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

19. Key Concepts of the Cognitive Approach  Less Emphasis on Qualities of the Helper/Client Relationship  Stresses Importance of Extinguishing Past Destructive Ways of Thinking  Stresses Importance of Practicing New, Positive Ways of Thinking CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

20. The Human Service Professional's Use of the Cognitive Approach  Have Not Been Widely Adopted, but Could Be Beneficial For Clients  Helping Clients Understand the Connection Between Thinking, Behaving, and Feeling Can Dramatically Impact How They Interact in the World CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

21. Cross Theoretical Approaches Eclecticism or Integrative Approaches to Counseling  Draws from a Number of Different Orientations  Not “Shooting from the Hip”: Must Carefully Reflect on View of Human Nature  Formation of an Eclectic Approach Is a Developmental Process: 1 - Chaos Stage 2 - Coalescent Stage 3 - Theoretical Integration Stage 4 - Metatheory Stage

22. Brief and Solution ‑ focused Counseling  Defined as Anywhere from a 2 to 50 Sessions  Garfield Suggests Four Stages: 1 Building the Relationship and Assessing the Problem 2 Developing a Plan for the Client and Working on the Problem 3 Reformulating Plan Based on New Info & Client Feedback 4 Termination CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

23. Gender Aware Approaches Feminist Therapy and Men’s Issues Therapy  Considers Gender Central to the Helping Relationship  Views Problems Within Social Context & Examines Gender Injustices  Encourages Collaborative and Equal Relationship with Client  Client’s Choose Gender Roles Regardless of Political Correctness CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

24. Ethical and Professional Issues The Importance of Supervision for the Human Service Professional  Helps You Review: 1 View of Human Nature, 2 Theoretical Approach, 3 Effectiveness  Should Continue as Long as One Is Working with Clients  Supervisor Roles: 1 Assuring the Welfare of the Client 2 Assuring Ethical, Legal, and Professional Standards are Upheld 3 Overseeing Development of and Evaluating the Supervisee CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

25. Confidentiality and the Helping Relationship When to Keep Confidentiality and When to Break it see p. 82-83 of book Tarasoff Case and Breaking Confidentiality Refer to NOHSE Ethical Guidelines Difference Between Confidentiality and Privileged Communication Dual Relationships and the Human Service Professional  Refers to things like: Social, Work, Sexual Relationships with Clients  Unethical and May Be Illegal See NOHSE Ethical Guidelines CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK

26. The Developmentally Mature Human Service Professional: Committed to a Counseling Approach and Willing to Change  Commitment with Relativism: Reflecting on Different Approaches, Choosing an Approach, Being Willing to Change as You Receive New Info CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK