1. 1 Frontal Accident Research Data in Japan Frontal Accident Research Data in Japan JASIC 29 January 2014

2. Purpose To use the AF05 dummy in the passenger seat for the full frontal impact test was agreed at IWG. The criteria for the AF05 dummy’s chest deflection are not agreed yet. To confirm the validity of the criteria of the AF05 dummy’s chest deflection, we conducted research on frontal crash accidents in Japan.

3. Data Five years of macro data from 2007 to 2011 were obtained from ITARDA (Institute for Traffic Accident Research and DATA Analysis). In the accident, the front area of the vehicle was deformed (vehicle to vehicle crash, and single crash) The occupants were fastened by the seatbelts. The vehicles were equipped with airbags. Multiple-impact accidents were excluded.

4. Age and Sex Driver Passenger 76% of the fatalities in the passenger seat were females. 52% of the fatalities in the passenger seat were females over 65 years old. It is very important to prevent elderly female passengers from fatal and serious-injury accidents. * Fatal : within 24 hours after the crash * Serious : visiting a hospital for at least a month

5. Definition of Quasi-ΔV Quasi-ΔV 1 = V 1 - (M 1  V 1 + M 2  V 2 ) / (M 1 + M 2 ) V: travel speed ΔV is about 70-80% of quasi-ΔV. Conversion-ΔV = 0.8  Quasi-ΔV V1V1 V2V2 M1M1 M2M2

6. Ratio of the Most Injured Body Region in Fatal and Serious-Injury Accidents per Quasi-ΔV In fatal and serious-injury accidents whose ΔV were below the regulatory level, the head-injury cases accounted for 5.5% and chest-injury cases for 38.7%. Therefore, the ratio of chest injuries is seven times higher than head injuries. It is very important to reduce chest-injury serious accidents and fatal accidents. ΔV of Regulation Level

7. Ways of Reducing the Number of Chest-Injured Elderly Occupants Reduce the force level of the seat belt force limiter. Control the airbags (power, shape and so on). ⇒ These reduce the number of chest- injured occupants (elderly and young, male and female) in fatal and serious-injury accidents at speeds below the speed limit.

8. Summary This research shows it is very important to prevent elderly female passengers from fatal and serious-injury accidents. In fatal or serious-injury frontal accidents at speeds below the speed limit, head-injury passengers accounted for 5.5%, the chest for 38.7% and the abdomen for 7.9%. Thus, reduction of chest-injury accidents is more important than those of other body regions. Therefore, it is valid to use the AF05 dummy in the passenger seat, and to determine the thorax injury criteria based on the risk of injury to elderly occupants.

9. Supplement There is a concern that the use of a female dummy with a different seat belt load might cause a male occupant to dash against the dashboard in a secondary collision. However, we find it appropriate to use an elderly female dummy and focus on preventing accidents among this age gender group, because the increase in the number of deaths by such a secondary collision is unclear, and the number of injuries in the head, presumably the most probable damage area in such a secondary collision, is 16% of the number of injuries in the chest (14% if within the speed limit), and hence we can expect more effect among this group than others. To eliminate the above concern, it will also be possible to continue testing a male dummy in parallel with the female dummy and explore solutions with airbags, etc. However, considering that we are using a male dummy in the passenger seat in the offset collision test and that the effect of conducting a dual full-lap test with both female and male dummies is unclear, further examination will be necessary before determining whether or not to add a male dummy test.

10. Appendix

11. In fatal and serious-injury accidents whose ΔV were below than the regulatory level, the number of head-injury cases was 52, chest-injury cases was 363 and abdomen-injury cases was 74 (five years). In fatal and serious-injury accidents whose ΔV were over the regulatory level, the number of head- injury cases was 17, chest-injury cases was 60 and abdomen-injury cases was 33 (five years). Most-Injured Body Region in Fatal and Serious-injury Accidents per Quasi-ΔV (Passenger) ΔV of Regulation Level

12. Definition of Fatal and Serious Injured Rate Fatal and serious injured rate = ( Numbers of fatalities and serious injured persons) /(Numbers of fatalities, serious and minor injured persons) Quasi-ΔV 1 =V 1 - (M 1 * V 1 + M 2 * V 2 )/ (M 1 + M 2 ) V ： travel speed ΔV is about 70-80% of quasi-ΔV. Conversion-ΔV = 0.8 * Quasi-ΔV V1V1 V2V2 M1M1 M2M2

13. Fatal and Serious Injured Rate per Most Injured Body Region and Quasi-ΔV (Passenger) Fatal and serious injured rate of chest was higher than head or abdomen. Fatal and serious injured rate of chest at lower ΔV than the regulation level is higher. ΔV of Regulation Level

14. In fatal and serious-injury accidents whose ΔV were below than the regulatory level, the number of head-injury cases was 52, chest-injury cases was 363 and abdomen-injury cases was 74 (five years). In fatal and serious-injury accidents whose ΔV were over the regulatory level, the number of head- injury cases was 17, chest-injury cases was 60 and abdomen-injury cases was 33 (five years). Most-Injured Body Region in Fatal and Serious-injury Accidents per Quasi-ΔV (Passenger) ΔV of Regulation Level

15. Fatal and Serious Injured Rate per Most Injured Body Region and Quasi-ΔV (Age and Sex) Fatal and serious injured rate of elderly and female occupants was higher than younger and male occupants. Fatal and serious injured rate at lower ΔV than the regulation level is not so small as though the younger occupants. ΔV of Regulation Level total Male 18-64Male over 65 Female 18-64Female over 65

16. Numbers of Fatalities, Serious and Minor Injured per Quasi-ΔV (Age and Sex) Male 18-64Male over 65 Female 18-64Female over 65 The numbers of lower speed accidents were very large. Driver Passenger ΔV of Regulation Level

17. Male 18-64Male over 65 Female 18-64Female over 65 Numbers of fatalities and serious injured at lower ΔV than regulation level were lager. Driver Passenger Numbers of Fatalities and Serious Injured per Quasi-ΔV (Age and Sex) ΔV of Regulation Level

18. 50 km/h FWRB test Full Vehicle FWRB Test Shoulder Outer Belt Force Injury Measures The chest deflection of passenger was lower than driver without airbags conditions, and probably one of the reasons was the difference of the force limiter.