1. When Speed Kills Robert E. O’Connor, M.D., MPH

4. Ambulance Crashes Role of Dispatch Priority Mode from alarm to scene Time spent at scene Mode of transport from scene to hospital Time of day Traffic conditions Urgency of patient condition

5. Ambulance Crashes 339 crashes caused 405 fatalities and 838 injuries. These crashes occurred more often –between noon and 6 PM (39%) –on improved (99%), straight (86%), dry roads (69%) –during clear weather (77%), while going straight (80%), through an intersection (53%), and striking (81%) another vehicle (80%) at an angle (56%). Most crashes (202/339) and fatalities (233/405) occurred during emergency use. Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM. Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care 2001 Jul-Sep;5(3):261-9

6. Ambulance Crashes Occurred significantly more often at intersections, at an angle, with another vehicle. 30 pedestrians and 1 bicyclist = 9% of fatalities. In the ambulance, most serious and fatal injuries occurred in the rear (OR 2.7 vs front) and to improperly restrained occupants (OR 2.5 vs restrained). Sixteen percent of ambulance operators were cited; 41% had poor driving records. Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM. Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care 2001 Jul-Sep;5(3):261-9

8. EMT Fatalities The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries database documented 91 EMS provider occupational fatalities. The National EMS Memorial Service database contained 70 fatalities, and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System identified 8 ground- transportation EMS occupational fatalities. 114 EMS worker fatalities during these 6 years. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:625-632.

9. EMT Fatalities Using cause-specific count, – 67 ground transportation-related fatalities, –19 air ambulance crash fatalities –13 deaths resulting from cardiovascular incidents –10 homicides –5 other causes The 12.7 fatalities per 100,000 EMS workers annually, compares with 14.2 for police, 16.5 for firefighters, and a national average of 5.0. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:625-632.

10. Blunt trauma - MVC Mechanism of injury –Skid Marks –Passenger compartment intrusion –Interior deformity –Side vs. front vs. rear impact –Rollovers –Restraint use –Airbags (deployed vs. not)

11. F = mv 2

13. Information from car sensors to PSAP Crash location Voice communication with occupants  V Vector Rescue information –Extrication –Disable airbags that were not deployed

15. Ambulance crashes are one of many hazards faced by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. Although no complete national count of ground ambulance crashes exists, the total number of fatal crashes involving ambulances can be ascertained by using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). To characterize risk factors for EMS workers involved in ambulance crashes, CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and NHTSA investigated three case reports of ambulance crashes.

16. Case 1 In May 2001, an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) aged 26 years died when her ambulance was struck head-on by a pick-up truck at 6:30 a.m. The EMT had been riding unrestrained in the patient compartment while attending a patient during a nonemergency transport. During the collision, the EMT struck the front bulkhead of the patient compartment; she died en route to the hospital from blunt force trauma to the head and chest.

17. Case 1 The patient and pick-up driver also suffered fatal injuries. The ambulance driver had been driving unrestrained and suffered multiple serious injuries, including a fractured leg.

18. Case 2 In July 2001, an EMT aged 27 years died when her ambulance struck an elevated train-track support column at 12:30 p.m. She had been riding unrestrained in the patient compartment while attending a patient during a nonemergency transport.

19. Case 2 During the collision, the EMT and the patient both struck the front bulkhead of the patient compartment. Both the driver and patient were hospitalized; the EMT was transported to a hospital, where she was pronounced dead.

20. Case 3 In March 2002, an EMT aged 22 years who was driving and a paramedic aged 37 years were injured when their ambulance struck an oncoming vehicle head-on and overturned. The paramedic was riding unrestrained on the patient compartment squad bench while attending a patient during a nonemergency transport.

21. Case 3 A relative of the patient was seated in the rear-facing attendant's seat and was wearing a seatbelt. During the collision, the unrestrained EMT driver sustained minor injuries. The paramedic struck the interior cabinets and shelves of the patient compartment.

22. Case 3 The EMT and the paramedic were transported to a hospital, where the EMT was treated and released; the paramedic was hospitalized and released 2 days later. The patient's injuries included scalp and shoulder contusions and a shoulder laceration. The patient's relative sustained minor internal injuries.

23. Surveillance Data During 1991--2000, the most recent year for which data were available, 300 fatal crashes occurred involving occupied ambulances, resulting in the deaths of 82 ambulance occupants and 275 occupants of other vehicles and pedestrians. The 300 crashes involved a total of 816 ambulance occupants.

24. Surveillance Data FARS does not differentiate ambulance workers from passengers among those experiencing nonfatal injuries in fatal crashes; however, the seating positions for all occupants and the severity of injuries can be determined from FARS data.

25. Surveillance Data Calculations using the FARS "fatal injury at work" variable based on death certificate information indicate that 27 of the occupants killed were on-duty EMS workers. These comprised 3% of all ambulance occupants and 33% of occupant fatalities.

26. Surveillance Data The majority of the 27 EMS worker fatalities occurred in the front of the vehicle: 11 (41%) in the driver's seat and five (19%) in the front right-side seat. Those coded as "other enclosed" accounted for seven (26%) of the EMS worker fatalities; these persons probably were working in the patient compartment.