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The French Revolution
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The Crisis of the French Monarchy 1780s-Financial crisis in France-deep debt French wars and support for AR Unreformed tax system and lavish spending 1788-Bad harvest led to starvation Royal misters devised new tax schemes, only to be stymied by parlements Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette detached and ineffective, not seen as patriotic “servants of the state”
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Jacques Necker (1732-1804) Royal director of finances Downplayed France’s financial difficulties Argued that if you took out the AR expenses, France in a surplus Most revenues went to pensions for aristocrats, dismissed and recalled Desire to recall the Estates-General-medieval institution that had not met since 1614 Would allow the nobles more direct control over policy
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The Estates-General Clash of the estates 1 st estate-Clergy 2 nd estate-Nobility 3 rd estate-Bourgeoeise, workers Debate over organization and voting Voting done by estate rather than individual member 3 rd estate had twice the members of each other estate Distrust of the 3 rd estate towards the nobility
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The Estates General
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The cahiers de Doleances The lists of grievances Documents criticized government waste, taxes, church taxes and hunting rights Called for equality of rights, and free press Call for major reform and end to aristocratic privileges
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The Third Estate becomes the national assembly Conflict over organizing and method of voting 3 rd estate locked out of hall June 1-3 rd estate and sympathetic nobles and clergy declare themselves to be the National assembly. Locked out by King Tennis Court Oath-took an oath that they would not disband until they had written a constitution for France King allows the NA to meet and vote by person
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The Bastille Louis Musters royal troops near Versailles and Paris Use of force? Dismisses Necker King now seen as opposing the reforms Bread riots in Paris July 14 th -Parisians march to Bastille to get weapons, troops fire on people, Bastille stormed and dismantled National Guard-headed by Marquis de Lafayette King has no choice but to recognize
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The Bastille
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The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4 Riots in the French countryside Peasants attack Feudal manors Destroy Feudal documents and records Aristocrats in the Assembly pass August 4 reforms Renounced feudal rights, dues, and tithes Abolished the social institutions of the old regime
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Statement of broad political principles All men are born free and remain equal in rights Political sovereignty lay in the nation and its reps Rights are liberty, property, and security All citizens equal in law Freedom of religion Property a sacred right Used universal language Applied to men and not women
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The Bread March of the Women Bread riots continued Louis XVI stalling October 5-7000 women armed with knives and swords march to Versailles Parisians demand that king and queen return to Paris King had no choice but to leave Versailles
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Constitution of 1791 Established a constitutional monarchy Unicameral legislative assembly Monarch has suspensive veto power to delay Only active citizens could vote-men who paid taxes Property restriction to serve in assembly 50,000 citizens out of 25 million No women could vote or hold office Power transferred to all forms of propertied wealth, rather than privilege of birth
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Economic Policy Confiscation of church lands Finance the debt by selling church property Authorized the issuance of assignats (bonds) Value determined by revenue from sale of church property Created inflation, religious schism, and civil war 1790-Civil Constitution of the clergy-RC church now part of the secular state Priests salaried by state, had to take loyalty oath Pope Pius condemned, Catholics had to make choice between religious devotion and revolutionary support
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Counter-revolution 16000 emigres flee France King’s younger brother, Count of Artois convinces King to attempt to flee June 1791-Louis and his family disguised as servants captured in Varennes on border Soldiers escort him back to Paris King now seen as enemy of revolution 1791-Declaration of Pillnitz-Emperor Leopold II promised to intervene to save monarchy in France if all others Europeans agreed
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The End of the Monarchy Emergence of the Jacobins 3 rd Estate organized into clubs Radical Jacobins called for a republic and the end of the monarchy, led by the Girodists who now led the assembly 1792-The Girondists led the Assembly to declare war on Austria King also supported the war-hoped that foreign armies would restore the Old Regime War radicalized all the factions 1792-King and his family imprisoned
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The National Convention and the role of the Sans- Cullottes Rise of the Paris Commune-executed 1200 people in the city jails Called for universal male suffrage in Assembly 1792-The National Convention meets French army defeats Prussian army at Battle of Valmy in eastern France NC declares that France is now a republic
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The Sans-Cullotes Radical Jacobins Means “without breeches” Shopkeepers, artisans, wage-earners, factory workers Became the primary drivers of the revolution Demanded price controls Hatred of inequalities Strongly republican Rise of the Mountain-more extreme Jacobins that were willing to work with the sans-cullotes
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The Sans-cullotes
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Execution of the King 1792-Louis XVI put on trial as “Citizen Capet” Condemned to death and executed in 1793 Marie Antoinette condemned and executed 1793-Convention declares war on GB and Holland, and later on Spain France on the brink of disaster
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Execution
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Europe at War with the Revolution Edmund Burke (1729-1799) Reflections on the Revolution in France Condemned the French Revolution Application of a blind rationalism People without political experience trying to govern France Revolution would become violent and end in despotism Handbook of European conservatives Increasing division in the US over the FR
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The Reign of Terror National Convention invades Austrian Netherlands and declares war on GB April 1793-Fr at war with Austria, Prussia, GB, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland Intense French nationalism and desire to protect the Republic Imagined enemies of the revolution, from within and without Extensive executions and violence Jacobins versus the Girondists
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The Reign of Terror 1793-the Committee of Public Safety Headed by Maximilien Robespierre Carried out executive duties of government Waged war and ensured domestic support Issued a levee en masse-military mobilization of the entire population-mandatory conscription Citizen army with well over 1 million men
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The “Republic of Virtue” Civic virtue-Rousseau’s Social Contract Sacrifice of ones self for the good of the republic Supported by the Sans-Cullotes General will over individual interests 1. Egalitarian titles 2. Simple clothing 3. new calendar based on revolution 4. De-christianization- 5. Metric system
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Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican women Radical group of revolutionary women October 1793-Banned by Jacobins Olympe de Gouges-declaration of the Rights of Women Guillotined in November Exclusion of women from the military and public life
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Jean Paul Marat-friend of the people
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De-Christianization New Calendar in France-12 months of 30 days each Names associated with seasons and climate Every 10 th day a holiday Nov 1793-Cathedral of Notre Dame called the Temple of Reason Closed churches, persecuted and killed priests Closed Churches down 1794-Cult of the Supreme Being introduced
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Revolutionary Tribunals Summer of 1793 Try the enemies of the Republic 25000 beheaded on the Guillotine 1. members of the royal family and aristocrats 2. the Girondists politicians 3. peasants, members of the churches, and the sans-cullotes 4. The Jacobins including Jacques Danton 5. Robespierre executed
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The Thermidorian Reaction Reaction against the radical violence Paris Commune ended and radical Jacobin clubs outlawed White terror on the Jacobins Revival of Catholic church Constitution of Year 3 (1795) 2 house legislature Executive committee of directors (Directory) Property owners had the right to vote Peasants largest new propertied class
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The Directory Removal the ceiling on bread prices Food riots by sans-cullotes in 1794 and 1795 Royalist agents spark riots General Napoleon Bonaparte saves the directory with a “whiff of grapeshot” France still at war with Austria and Prussia Growing social and political unrest
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Ch 11-The Age of Napolean
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The Rise of Napolean Chief threat to the Revolution were royalists Spring elections-1797-monarchists in power Directory and military stage coup d’etat Born in Corsica French military academy Military commander in Italy 1797-Attack on British interests in Egypt Lord Horatio Nelson defeats French fleet, NB cut off
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The Constitution of Year VIII Directory support eroding Abbe Sieyes call for a new constitution, “confidence from below, power from above” 1799-Napolean returns a national hero Establishment of Consulate-3 consuls with executive powers (1799-1804) Napoleon becomes 1 st Consul-military dictator Voters approve by plebiscite
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Napoleonic reforms Made peace with the Catholic church Signed Concordat of 1801 1. State named the bishops and paid their salaries, had to take loyalty oath 2. Church gave up claims for confiscated property 3. Catholicism recognized as dominant religion in France
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The Napoleonic Code 1802-Napolean named consul for life Civil Code of 1804 Equality of all citizens before the law Forbade privileges based on birth Safeguarded all forms of property, even for peasants Workers originations remained banned Fathers granted control over children and husbands over wives Primogeniture abolished Divorce more difficult for women than men
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The Haitian revolution Ideals of FR spread to New World Black slaves could revolt against white masters-1 st time Slave rebellion led by Toussaint L’Ouverture 1793-French abolished slavery Napoleon sent army, captured L’O Sold his NA empire to US 1804-France recognized independence
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Empire-1804 Crowned emperor
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Empire La Grand Armee-700,000 men under arms May 1803-Britain declares war 1805-Battle of Trafalgar British supremacy of the seas Ended French hopes of invading GB
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Napoleon wins victories 1805-Battle of Austerlitz-Napolean defeats combined Austrian and Russian force King of Italy Reorganized German states-Confederation of the Rhine 1806-defeats Prussian forces at Jena 1807-Defeats Russian forces, occupies East Prussia
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Battle of Austerlitz
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The Continental System Cut off all trade between European continent and the British British-Orders in Council-no nations can trade with France British enforced with powerful navy-trade with North and South America Economy of Europe suffered
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Wars of Liberation Napoleon's brother Joseph on Spanish throne Spanish used guerrilla warfare against French Peninsular campaign drained French resources British land forces led Sir Arthur Wellesley
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The Invasion of Russia Invasion with 600,000 men Russian scorched earth policy French supply lines extended 1812-Major battle 30 miles from Moscow Russians burned Moscow-hollow victory Russian winter sets in, napoleon orders retreat Only 100,ooo survived, exposure, frostbite, starvation, guerilla tactics
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Advance of the Grand Army
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Retreat
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European Coalition 1813-Coalition of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and GB defeat Napoleon at Leipzig in the Battle of the Nations 1814-Allied army marched into Paris Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Elba
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The Congress of Vienna Treaty of Chaumont-Restored the Bourbons to throne and placed France to old borders Formation of Quadruple Alliance-Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria Congress of Vienna-Sept 1814 4 great powers dominated-dominated by conservatives Reestablished the rule of legitimate monarchs Rejected republican and democratic policies Reestablish a stable balance of power
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Napoleon and the 100 Days Escapes Elba on March 1, 1815 Returns to Paris, reestablishes rule Battle of Waterloo in Belgium-Napoleon defeated by combined allied forces Exiled to St Helena off the coast of Africa Tsar Alexander proposes a Holy Alliance- based on Christian principles-
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St Helena
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The Quadruple Alliance Goal was to prevent warfare and maintain a lasting peace Create a framework for stability Also used to prevent revolutions-fire department of Europe Austrian Klemons von Metternich powerful player in international diplomacy Called the Concert of Europe Intact for half a century and prevented a general European war for 100 years
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The Romantic Era
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Romanticism Period of time after the French and revolution Reflected reaction against cold reason of Enlightenment and social changes of Industrial revolution Focus on the imagination and the individual Urged revival of Christianity and folklore, folksongs, and fairy tales
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Romanticism and reason Intellectual foundations in Protestant pietism and dramatic German poetry of Sturm and Drang (Storm and stress) Jean Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant Questioned rationalism and reason Rousseau-Emile-idea that society corrupted the individual and that each child be raised with maximum freedom
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Kant and Reason The Critique of Pure Reason (1781) Accepted the rationalism of enlightenment and preserved belief in human freedom, belief in God, and immortality Sphere of reality accessible to pure reason limited Noumenal world exists-world of moral and aesthetic reality known by “practical reason “ and conscience
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The Categorical Imperative Inner command to act in ever situation as one would have all other people act in the same situation Example 1. Making a promise that you do not intend to keep
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Romantic Literature Term came to be applied to all literature that did not follow classical forms and gave free play to the imagination
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge- English Gothic Poet- Imagination was God at work in the mind He prayeth best, who loveth best, All things both great and small;For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
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William Wordsworth
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