1. The French Revolution

2. The Crisis of the French Monarchy  1780s-Financial crisis in France-deep debt  French wars and support for AR  Unreformed tax system and lavish spending  1788-Bad harvest led to starvation  Royal misters devised new tax schemes, only to be stymied by parlements  Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette detached and ineffective, not seen as patriotic “servants of the state”

4. Jacques Necker (1732-1804)  Royal director of finances  Downplayed France’s financial difficulties  Argued that if you took out the AR expenses, France in a surplus  Most revenues went to pensions for aristocrats, dismissed and recalled  Desire to recall the Estates-General-medieval institution that had not met since 1614  Would allow the nobles more direct control over policy

5. The Estates-General  Clash of the estates  1 st estate-Clergy  2 nd estate-Nobility  3 rd estate-Bourgeoeise, workers  Debate over organization and voting  Voting done by estate rather than individual member  3 rd estate had twice the members of each other estate  Distrust of the 3 rd estate towards the nobility

6. The Estates General

7. The cahiers de Doleances  The lists of grievances  Documents criticized government waste, taxes, church taxes and hunting rights  Called for equality of rights, and free press  Call for major reform and end to aristocratic privileges

8. The Third Estate becomes the national assembly  Conflict over organizing and method of voting  3 rd estate locked out of hall  June 1-3 rd estate and sympathetic nobles and clergy declare themselves to be the National assembly. Locked out by King  Tennis Court Oath-took an oath that they would not disband until they had written a constitution for France  King allows the NA to meet and vote by person

9. The Bastille  Louis Musters royal troops near Versailles and Paris  Use of force?  Dismisses Necker  King now seen as opposing the reforms  Bread riots in Paris  July 14 th -Parisians march to Bastille to get weapons, troops fire on people, Bastille stormed and dismantled  National Guard-headed by Marquis de Lafayette  King has no choice but to recognize

10. The Bastille

11. The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4  Riots in the French countryside  Peasants attack Feudal manors  Destroy Feudal documents and records  Aristocrats in the Assembly pass August 4 reforms  Renounced feudal rights, dues, and tithes  Abolished the social institutions of the old regime

12. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen  Statement of broad political principles  All men are born free and remain equal in rights  Political sovereignty lay in the nation and its reps  Rights are liberty, property, and security  All citizens equal in law  Freedom of religion  Property a sacred right  Used universal language  Applied to men and not women

13. The Bread March of the Women  Bread riots continued  Louis XVI stalling  October 5-7000 women armed with knives and swords march to Versailles  Parisians demand that king and queen return to Paris  King had no choice but to leave Versailles

14. Constitution of 1791  Established a constitutional monarchy  Unicameral legislative assembly  Monarch has suspensive veto power to delay  Only active citizens could vote-men who paid taxes  Property restriction to serve in assembly  50,000 citizens out of 25 million  No women could vote or hold office  Power transferred to all forms of propertied wealth, rather than privilege of birth

15. Economic Policy  Confiscation of church lands  Finance the debt by selling church property  Authorized the issuance of assignats (bonds)  Value determined by revenue from sale of church property  Created inflation, religious schism, and civil war  1790-Civil Constitution of the clergy-RC church now part of the secular state  Priests salaried by state, had to take loyalty oath  Pope Pius condemned, Catholics had to make choice between religious devotion and revolutionary support

16. Counter-revolution  16000 emigres flee France  King’s younger brother, Count of Artois convinces King to attempt to flee  June 1791-Louis and his family disguised as servants captured in Varennes on border  Soldiers escort him back to Paris  King now seen as enemy of revolution  1791-Declaration of Pillnitz-Emperor Leopold II promised to intervene to save monarchy in France if all others Europeans agreed

17. The End of the Monarchy  Emergence of the Jacobins  3 rd Estate organized into clubs  Radical Jacobins called for a republic and the end of the monarchy, led by the Girodists who now led the assembly  1792-The Girondists led the Assembly to declare war on Austria  King also supported the war-hoped that foreign armies would restore the Old Regime  War radicalized all the factions  1792-King and his family imprisoned

18. The National Convention and the role of the Sans- Cullottes  Rise of the Paris Commune-executed 1200 people in the city jails  Called for universal male suffrage in Assembly  1792-The National Convention meets  French army defeats Prussian army at Battle of Valmy in eastern France  NC declares that France is now a republic

19. The Sans-Cullotes  Radical Jacobins  Means “without breeches”  Shopkeepers, artisans, wage-earners, factory workers  Became the primary drivers of the revolution  Demanded price controls  Hatred of inequalities  Strongly republican  Rise of the Mountain-more extreme Jacobins that were willing to work with the sans-cullotes

20. The Sans-cullotes

21. Execution of the King  1792-Louis XVI put on trial as “Citizen Capet”  Condemned to death and executed in 1793  Marie Antoinette condemned and executed  1793-Convention declares war on GB and Holland, and later on Spain  France on the brink of disaster

22. Execution

23. Europe at War with the Revolution  Edmund Burke (1729-1799) Reflections on the Revolution in France  Condemned the French Revolution  Application of a blind rationalism  People without political experience trying to govern France  Revolution would become violent and end in despotism  Handbook of European conservatives  Increasing division in the US over the FR

24. The Reign of Terror  National Convention invades Austrian Netherlands and declares war on GB  April 1793-Fr at war with Austria, Prussia, GB, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland  Intense French nationalism and desire to protect the Republic  Imagined enemies of the revolution, from within and without  Extensive executions and violence  Jacobins versus the Girondists

25. The Reign of Terror  1793-the Committee of Public Safety  Headed by Maximilien Robespierre  Carried out executive duties of government  Waged war and ensured domestic support  Issued a levee en masse-military mobilization of the entire population-mandatory conscription  Citizen army with well over 1 million men

26. The “Republic of Virtue”  Civic virtue-Rousseau’s Social Contract  Sacrifice of ones self for the good of the republic  Supported by the Sans-Cullotes  General will over individual interests  1. Egalitarian titles  2. Simple clothing  3. new calendar based on revolution  4. De-christianization-  5. Metric system

27. Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican women  Radical group of revolutionary women  October 1793-Banned by Jacobins  Olympe de Gouges-declaration of the Rights of Women  Guillotined in November  Exclusion of women from the military and public life

28. Jean Paul Marat-friend of the people

29. De-Christianization  New Calendar in France-12 months of 30 days each  Names associated with seasons and climate  Every 10 th day a holiday  Nov 1793-Cathedral of Notre Dame called the Temple of Reason  Closed churches, persecuted and killed priests  Closed Churches down  1794-Cult of the Supreme Being introduced

30. Revolutionary Tribunals  Summer of 1793  Try the enemies of the Republic  25000 beheaded on the Guillotine  1. members of the royal family and aristocrats  2. the Girondists politicians  3. peasants, members of the churches, and the sans-cullotes  4. The Jacobins including Jacques Danton  5. Robespierre executed

31. The Thermidorian Reaction  Reaction against the radical violence  Paris Commune ended and radical Jacobin clubs outlawed  White terror on the Jacobins  Revival of Catholic church  Constitution of Year 3 (1795)  2 house legislature  Executive committee of directors (Directory)  Property owners had the right to vote  Peasants largest new propertied class

32. The Directory  Removal the ceiling on bread prices  Food riots by sans-cullotes in 1794 and 1795  Royalist agents spark riots  General Napoleon Bonaparte saves the directory with a “whiff of grapeshot”  France still at war with Austria and Prussia  Growing social and political unrest

33. Ch 11-The Age of Napolean

34. The Rise of Napolean  Chief threat to the Revolution were royalists  Spring elections-1797-monarchists in power  Directory and military stage coup d’etat  Born in Corsica  French military academy  Military commander in Italy  1797-Attack on British interests in Egypt  Lord Horatio Nelson defeats French fleet, NB cut off

35. The Constitution of Year VIII  Directory support eroding  Abbe Sieyes call for a new constitution, “confidence from below, power from above”  1799-Napolean returns a national hero  Establishment of Consulate-3 consuls with executive powers (1799-1804)  Napoleon becomes 1 st Consul-military dictator  Voters approve by plebiscite

36. Napoleonic reforms  Made peace with the Catholic church  Signed Concordat of 1801  1. State named the bishops and paid their salaries, had to take loyalty oath  2. Church gave up claims for confiscated property  3. Catholicism recognized as dominant religion in France

37. The Napoleonic Code  1802-Napolean named consul for life  Civil Code of 1804  Equality of all citizens before the law  Forbade privileges based on birth  Safeguarded all forms of property, even for peasants  Workers originations remained banned  Fathers granted control over children and husbands over wives  Primogeniture abolished  Divorce more difficult for women than men

38. The Haitian revolution  Ideals of FR spread to New World  Black slaves could revolt against white masters-1 st time  Slave rebellion led by Toussaint L’Ouverture  1793-French abolished slavery  Napoleon sent army, captured L’O  Sold his NA empire to US  1804-France recognized independence

39. Empire-1804 Crowned emperor

40. Empire  La Grand Armee-700,000 men under arms  May 1803-Britain declares war  1805-Battle of Trafalgar  British supremacy of the seas  Ended French hopes of invading GB

41. Napoleon wins victories  1805-Battle of Austerlitz-Napolean defeats combined Austrian and Russian force  King of Italy  Reorganized German states-Confederation of the Rhine  1806-defeats Prussian forces at Jena  1807-Defeats Russian forces, occupies East Prussia

42. Battle of Austerlitz

43. The Continental System  Cut off all trade between European continent and the British  British-Orders in Council-no nations can trade with France  British enforced with powerful navy-trade with North and South America  Economy of Europe suffered

44. Wars of Liberation  Napoleon's brother Joseph on Spanish throne  Spanish used guerrilla warfare against French  Peninsular campaign drained French resources  British land forces led Sir Arthur Wellesley

45. The Invasion of Russia  Invasion with 600,000 men  Russian scorched earth policy  French supply lines extended  1812-Major battle 30 miles from Moscow  Russians burned Moscow-hollow victory  Russian winter sets in, napoleon orders retreat  Only 100,ooo survived, exposure, frostbite, starvation, guerilla tactics

46. Advance of the Grand Army

47. Retreat

48. European Coalition  1813-Coalition of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and GB defeat Napoleon at Leipzig in the Battle of the Nations  1814-Allied army marched into Paris  Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Elba

49. The Congress of Vienna  Treaty of Chaumont-Restored the Bourbons to throne and placed France to old borders  Formation of Quadruple Alliance-Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria  Congress of Vienna-Sept 1814  4 great powers dominated-dominated by conservatives  Reestablished the rule of legitimate monarchs  Rejected republican and democratic policies  Reestablish a stable balance of power

50. Napoleon and the 100 Days  Escapes Elba on March 1, 1815  Returns to Paris, reestablishes rule  Battle of Waterloo in Belgium-Napoleon defeated by combined allied forces  Exiled to St Helena off the coast of Africa  Tsar Alexander proposes a Holy Alliance- based on Christian principles-

51. St Helena

52. The Quadruple Alliance  Goal was to prevent warfare and maintain a lasting peace  Create a framework for stability  Also used to prevent revolutions-fire department of Europe  Austrian Klemons von Metternich powerful player in international diplomacy  Called the Concert of Europe  Intact for half a century and prevented a general European war for 100 years

54. The Romantic Era

55. Romanticism  Period of time after the French and revolution  Reflected reaction against cold reason of Enlightenment and social changes of Industrial revolution  Focus on the imagination and the individual  Urged revival of Christianity and folklore, folksongs, and fairy tales

56. Romanticism and reason  Intellectual foundations in Protestant pietism and dramatic German poetry of Sturm and Drang (Storm and stress)  Jean Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant  Questioned rationalism and reason  Rousseau-Emile-idea that society corrupted the individual and that each child be raised with maximum freedom

57. Kant and Reason  The Critique of Pure Reason (1781)  Accepted the rationalism of enlightenment and preserved belief in human freedom, belief in God, and immortality  Sphere of reality accessible to pure reason limited  Noumenal world exists-world of moral and aesthetic reality known by “practical reason “ and conscience

58. The Categorical Imperative  Inner command to act in ever situation as one would have all other people act in the same situation Example 1. Making a promise that you do not intend to keep

59. Romantic Literature  Term came to be applied to all literature that did not follow classical forms and gave free play to the imagination

60. Samuel Taylor Coleridge- English Gothic Poet-  Imagination was God at work in the mind  He prayeth best, who loveth best, All things both great and small;For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all.  The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

61. William Wordsworth