1. Carissa Sundsmo FCSN 547 Nutrition Update Garlic

2. About Garlic  Allium sativum family Amaryllidaceae family Amaryllidaceae  European origin  Cultivated all over the world  Popular for use as food flavoring and medicine

3. Eastern and Western Medical Uses  Traditionally Antibiotic for colds, sore throat, phlegm in respiratory tract, asthma, bronchitis, abscesses and tuberculosis Antibiotic for colds, sore throat, phlegm in respiratory tract, asthma, bronchitis, abscesses and tuberculosis  Reduce high blood pressure and cholesterol Heart disease Heart disease  Prevention of certain cancers (stomach and colon cancer)

4. Ancient uses of Garlic  Ancient Egyptians used garlic to cure Headaches Headaches Tumors Tumors Heart disorders and intestinal worms Heart disorders and intestinal worms  Ancient Olympic athletes ate garlic to increase their energy  First century A.D. it was prescribed to the Roman army as an anthelmintic (used to kill intestinal worms)

5. How Garlic is Consumed  Eaten Raw or cooked Raw or cooked Chopped, minced, whole, and crushedChopped, minced, whole, and crushed  Dried or powdered  Tablets  Capsules  Raw cloves use to make oils and liquid extracts

6. Possible Side Affects  Bad Breath  Body Odor  Heart burn, upset stomach, and allergic reaction Most only occur with raw garlic Most only occur with raw garlic  Blood thinner (like aspirin) Inability to clot, can become a more concern during and after surgery Inability to clot, can become a more concern during and after surgery Avoid for at least 1 week before surgery or dental workAvoid for at least 1 week before surgery or dental work  Interferes with the effectiveness of Saquinavir, a drug used to treat HIV  No known effects on other drugs

7. Does Garlic do more than cause bad breath and keep the Vampires away?

8. Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3. Journal of Nutrition (2003) 136:3S  The goal was to study the efficiency of an aqueous extract of raw garlic in controlling levels of sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of normal rats.  Materials and Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats weight 200-250g Female Sprague-Dawley rats weight 200-250g Maintained on a normal diet and tap water Maintained on a normal diet and tap water Divided into 5 groups Divided into 5 groups Group 1: normal saline (control)Group 1: normal saline (control) Group 2: orally force-fed garlic by stomach gavages using a ball tipped needleGroup 2: orally force-fed garlic by stomach gavages using a ball tipped needle Group 3: garlic by intrapertioneal injectionGroup 3: garlic by intrapertioneal injection Group 4: orally forced-fed boiled garlic using the same methods as group 2Group 4: orally forced-fed boiled garlic using the same methods as group 2 Group 5: intraperitoneal injections of boiled garlicGroup 5: intraperitoneal injections of boiled garlic

9. Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3. Journal of Nutrition (2003) 136:3S  Rats given.5mL aqueous extract of garlic every day for 4 weeks  After the 4 weeks they were killed using urethan anesthesia  Blood was collected and a cholesterol and triglyceride analysis was conducted  Serum glucose was determined immediately

10. Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3. Journal of Nutrition (2003) 136:3S  Both oral garlic and garlic IP showed a significant difference from the control group for lowering triglycerides  Only raw garlic IP showed a significant difference from the control for lowering cholesterol  Boiled garlic showed no significant difference

11. Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3. Journal of Nutrition (2003) 136:3S  Aqueous extract of raw garlic taken in small amounts has an effect in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels  “Raw garlic is more beneficial than cooked in reducing blood lipid and glucose levels and could potentially play an important role in preventing atherosclerosis.”

12. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)  Objective: to clarify the effect of dried garlic powder tablets on blood lipids and blood pressure, they also monitored arterial stiffness.  Subjects Healthy, Healthy, normolipidaemic volunteers, normolipidaemic volunteers, both non smoking and smoking both non smoking and smoking men and women men and women Ages 40-60 years Ages 40-60 years

13. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo- lipidaemic volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo- controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)  Restrictions No use of lipid or blood pressure lowering medication, anticoagulation medication, contraceptives No use of lipid or blood pressure lowering medication, anticoagulation medication, contraceptives No more than 4 hours of intensive physical activity per week No more than 4 hours of intensive physical activity per week Not allowed to consume other dietary supplements except for multivitamin tablets Not allowed to consume other dietary supplements except for multivitamin tablets Not allowed to consume more than two cloves of garlic per week Not allowed to consume more than two cloves of garlic per week Were asked to not change their diet, smoking, or physical activity habits during the study Were asked to not change their diet, smoking, or physical activity habits during the study

14. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo- lipidaemic volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo- controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)  Participants were stratified into the two groups based on gender and smoking status  Garlic powder tablets (230 mg per tablet) or a placebo tablet ( microcrystalline cellulose and calcium phosphate)  Two tablets twice a day with morning and evening meals  Equal to approximately three garlic cloves a day

15. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo- lipidaemic volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo- controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)  Thirty-eight subjects received garlic powder tablets  Thirty-seven received the placebo  One participant in the placebo group received the wrong intervention  Thirty-one of the garlic group completed the intervention  Thirty-two of the placebo group completed the study

16. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo- lipidaemic volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo- controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

19.  Conclusion No Significant difference was found in fasting total cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL- Cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations, blood pressure or arterial stiffness. No Significant difference was found in fasting total cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL- Cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations, blood pressure or arterial stiffness. Garlic powder has no clinically relevant impact on fasting serum LDL and HDL concentrations and blood pressure. Garlic powder has no clinically relevant impact on fasting serum LDL and HDL concentrations and blood pressure.

20. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)  Determine whether garlic supplementation in the diet of human subjects could modulate the in vivo levels of LDL and the biomarker of oxidative stress  Second aim determine is garlic supplementation in the diet could convert beneficial effects by decreasing raised blood pressure levels in subjects with essential hypertension (EH)

21. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)  Randomized double blind study  Two groups of human subjects Essential hypertension group Essential hypertension group Non Hypertension group (control) Non Hypertension group (control)  Garlic Supplementation Given garlic pearls (garlic oil 2.5%) Given garlic pearls (garlic oil 2.5%) Two garlic pearls per a day for 8 weeks Two garlic pearls per a day for 8 weeks

22. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)

23.  Results Three patients from the EH group and two from the control group complained of GI discomfort and increase bowel motility which decreased after 2-3 days Three patients from the EH group and two from the control group complained of GI discomfort and increase bowel motility which decreased after 2-3 days A significant decline was noted in both mean SBP and DBP in the hypertensive group but not difference was found in the control A significant decline was noted in both mean SBP and DBP in the hypertensive group but not difference was found in the control The blood pressure in the hypertensive group was still higher than the control groupThe blood pressure in the hypertensive group was still higher than the control group

24. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (2004) “Including garlic as a daily supplement in our diet is a useful and an attractive proposition for counteracting high blood pressure and oxidative stress and various other factors associated with cardiovascular risk”

25. Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutrition Journal (2002)  An overall review of the efficiency of garlic in cardiovascular disease conditions both in humans and animals.  Reviewed Animal Studies and human studies in lipid metabolism lipid metabolism Fibrinolytic activity Fibrinolytic activity platelet aggregation platelet aggregation blood pressure lowering effect blood pressure lowering effect Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus other cardio protective properties of garlic other cardio protective properties of garlic adverse effects of garlic. adverse effects of garlic.

26. Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutrition Journal (2002)  Scientific literature supports the proposal of garlic consumption and it’s cardio protective effect.  However, there are still issues on the type of garlic preparations that have been used in the studies  Suggest further research to identify specific compounds from garlic and garlic product that are responsible for the biological effects.

27. Conclusion  Most studies have shown some improvement of cholesterol levels by using garlic alone.  The types of garlic used can influence the affect the garlic has on cholesterol. Raw has a higher effect than boiled and tablets. Raw has a higher effect than boiled and tablets.  Those who wish to reduce their cholesterol using garlic should consult their physician for possible side affects of using garlic and their current medications to lower their cholesterol.