1. Hardware

2. Hardware
The physical parts of a computer system

3. Hardware
The physical parts of a computer system

4. Hardware Computers based on: Vacuum tube based - c1940s
Transistor based - late 50s; low cost and reliable transistors available
Integrated Circuit (IC) based - mid 60s
Large Scale Integrated (LSI) circuit based - c80s; These have up to 100,000 transistors on a single chip
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit based - c90s; These have >100,000 transistors on a single chip.

5. Types of Computers
Small (Microcomputers or Personal computers) $500 - $7,000
Desktop Computers and Workstations
Laptop Computers
Notebook Computers
Palmtop Computers

6. Personal Digital Assistant
Known as handheld computers
PDAs are portable computers taken further
Pocket sized designed for use on the move
Use a pen as input (write directly to screen)
Software 'attempts' to translate handwriting by reference to stored prototypes

7. Types of Computers (contd.)
Medium-sized computers (minicomputers)
- $50,000 - $200, times faster than a PC
- Scaled down mainframe
- Designed to meet the computing needs of a department or small company. Typically concurrent users.
- Can support a number of concurrent applications and often uses a time-sharing operation system that aims to keep the users busy.

8. Types of Computers (contd.)
Large or Mainframe Computers - $100,000 - $2,000, times faster than a PC
- A multi-user computer designed to meet the computing needs of a large organization
- Generally refers to computers of the 50s and 60s
- Large number of dumb terminals were used for input/output and it had a large number of peripherals attached
- Can process a number of applications concurrently. This is known as multi-processing which aims to keep the CPU as busy as possible
- Usually housed in special rooms.

9. Types of Computers (contd.)
Superlarge or Supercomputers
-$2 million - $20 million ,000 times faster than a PC
- A large number of processors interconnected by a network.
- Break up gigantic scientific problems into manageable parallel tasks
- Used to simulate nuclear explosions, ocean flow, to track the trajectories of astronomic bodies.

10. Computer Operations Input – entering data into the computer;
Processing – performing operations on the data;
Output – presenting results;
Storage – saving data, programs, or output for future use;
Communications – sending or retrieving data via the Internet, etc.

11. Hardware Devices

12. Data Data consists of raw unprocessed facts.
The applications and users handle them to turn into Information.
Information is structured, ordered and analyzed data useful for decision making. Data is stored in files of different types (documents, spreadsheets, databases, pictures,…)

13. Data Representation
Digital data - is a discrete representation, breaking the information up into separate elements (digits, that is 0 and 1)
Bit

14. How Information Is Stored
Bit is the smallest unit of data, which denotes the binary value of 1 or 0, On/Off, Magnetic/Not
Byte is the ordered collection of bits
(eight bits grouped together)
- EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)
- ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
Parity bit is the extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors
Example: "HI" =
(using binary code)

15. The Computing Systems Store, Present, and Help Us Modify:
Text
Audio
Images & graphics
Video

17. System Unit Houses the processing hardware for computer Contains:
- CPU
- Memory (several types)
- Interfaces to connect external peripheral devices ( such as printer, etc.)

18. COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
Computer Components
CPU
INPUT DEVICES
SECONDARY STORAGE
PRIMARY STORAGE
BUSES
OUTPUT DEVICES
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

19. Motherboard
The main circuit board, containing computer chips and other electronic components, inside the system unit to which all computer system components connect

20. CPU – Central Processing Unit
The chip located on the motherboard of a computer that performs the processing for a computer

21. Multi-core CPUs
Contain the processing components or cores of multiple independent processors on a single CPU (allow computers to work simultaneously on more tha one task at a time)

22. Types of CPU Desktop c. – Intel Core i7 - AMD PhenomII (2-4 cores)
Workstation, server
– Intel Xeon
- AMD Opteron (2,4,6 cores)
Notebook, Tablet PC
- Intel Core 2
- AMD Turion X2 (1, 2,4 cores)

23. Computer Time
# PER COMPARED
NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND
Millisecond second thousand min 40 sec
Microsecond millisecond million days
Nanosecond microsecond billion years
Picosecond nanosecond trillion ,700 years *
Computer Frequency inversely proportional to computer time

24. Processing Speed
CPU clock speed – measurement of the processing speed, which is rated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
Highter CPU clock speed more instractions can be processed per second
Example: Core i7 3.2 Ghz
faster than
Core i GHz

25. Memory Chip-based storage
- primary - amount of the computer's main memory (random access memory or RAM)
- secondary - amount of long-term storage available to a computer (computer's hard drive or removable storage media)

26. Types of Memory
Cache memory and register – volatite, means that their content is rased when power to the memory ceases (like RAM)
Read-only memory (ROM) and flash memory - nonvolatite

27. MEMORY SIZE KILOBYTE (K): 210 bytes... 1024 bytes
MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... “million” bytes
GIGABYTE (GB): MB... “billion” bytes
TERABYTE (TB): 210 GB... “trillion” bytes *

28. RAM (Random Access Memory)
Temporary storage for data, programs and the operating system while you are using the PC
It is volatile, meaning that the contents of memory are lost forever when the computer is shut off.

29. RAM (contd.) Capacity measured in bytes
Type of RAM that can be installed depends on
- CPU (32-bit CPU – up to 3 GB of RAM,
64-bit – more than 3 GB)
- Operating system (64-bit version of Windows Vista – up to 8 GB, up to 16 or more than 128 GB, depending on the edition)

30. ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Consists of non-erasable hardware modules that store program instructions
It is non-volatile (that is „read only“)

31. Ports and Connectors
Connectors located on the exterior of the system unit that are used to connect external hardware devicrs
Each port attached to the appropriate bus on the motherboard

33. Storage System
Storage medium is the hardware where data is actually stored (CD, flash memory card)
Storage device is the type of drive by which storage media is read
- internal (inside the CPU)
- external (plugged into external port)
- remote (located on another computer)

34. Access Methods
Random (direct) access, means that data can be retrieved directly from any location on the storage medium, in any order
Sequential access, means that the data can be retrieved in the order in which it is physically stored on the medium

35. Hard Drive
Primary storage system used to store most programs and data used with a computer

36. Types of Hard Drives
- Magnetic hard drive – a hard drive, consisting of one or more metal magnetic disks permanently sealed with an access mechanism and read/write heads, inside its drive

37. Types of Hard Drives
Solid-state drive (SSD) – a hard drive that uses flash memory instead of metal magnetic hard disks.

38. Disc Access Time
The total time that it takes for a hard drive to read/write data
Include three steps:
- seek time
- rotational delay
- data movement time
Typically it is around 8.5.milliseconds

39. Optical Disks
A type of storage medium read from and written to using a laser beam (Example: CD, DVD)
Advantages: large capacity
- durability
Disadvantages: - fragile

40. Optical Drive
A drive used with optical discs (CD disc, DVD disc)

41. Optical Discs Read-Only optical disc (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM)
Recordable optical disc (CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R)
Rewritable optical disc (CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, BD-Re)

42. Optical Disks (contd.)
1) CD-ROM MB (0.7 GB), single layer, red laser, cheap, outdated. For delivering music, software, storing data.
2) DVD+-R/RW (Digital Vesatile Disk), 4.7 GB (DVD-5) (single-layer), 8.5 GB (DVD-9) (dual-layer), 9.4 GB (double-sided disk), red laser, current, cheap. For software, movies, data.
3) Blu-Ray, 25 GB (single layer), 50 GB (double-layer), may support up to 6-8 layers in the future, blue laser, quite expensive. For high-definition movies, HDTV, data.
4) HVD (Holographic Vesatile Disk) TB, 2 lasers, very expensive, emerging.

43. Other Types of Storage System
Flash memory – a chip-based storage medium that store data using electrons
Flash memory card – a small , rectangular flash memory medium (such as CompactFlash)

44. Other Types of Storage System (contd.)
Holographic storage – the type of three dimension (3D) storage system that uses multiple blue laser beams to store data in three dimensions
Advantages: - speed
- capability
- convenient for rarely changed data

46. Other Types of Storage System (contd.)
Magnetic tape – storage media consisting of plastic tape with a magnetizable surface that store data as a series of magnetic spot
Advantages: - low cost per megabyte

47. Other Types of Storage System (contd.)
RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks)
a storage method that uses several hard rives working together
Purpose: - to increase perfomance
- to protect critical data on storage server (to increase fault tolerance)
Techniques: - disc stripping
- disc mirroring

48. RAID
RAID

49. Bus Electronic path over which data can travel
Bus width is the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel, affects the number of bits being transmitted at one time
Throughput or bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transferred via the bus in a given time period

50. Input Devices

51. Keyboards
An input device containing numerous keys that can be used to input letters, numbers, and other symbols

52. Pointing and Touch Devices
An input device that moves an on-screen pointer to allow the user to select objects on the screen
Types: - mouse
- pen/styluses
- touch screens

53. Scanners
An input device that reads printed text and graphics and transfers them to a computer in digital form

54. Speech Recognition System
Speech recognition systems
Music input systems

55. Music Input System
Used to input music into a computer

56. Output Devices

57. Printers Quality mesured by dots per inch (dpi)
Speed measured in pages per minute (ppm)
Types: - laser printers (use toner powder)
- ink-jet printers (use liquid ink)
- special purposes printers (photoprinter, 3D printer)

58. 3D Printing

59. Display Devices (Monitor, Display Screen)
CRT monitors
Flat-panel displays: - liquid crystal displays (LCD)
- plasma displays
Organic light emmiting diode (OLED) displays

60. Display Devices (contd.)
Pixels – the smallest colorable area in an electronic image
Screen resolution affects the amount of information (in pixels) displayed on the screen

61. Video Card
Installed inside computer or directly into the motherboard (in graphic processing unit GPU)
Detrmins the graphic capabilities of the computer

62. Audio Output