1. BLOOD GROUPS By: Aasiyah Sharieff

3. B LOOD T YPE Not everyone has the same blood type. Blood type refers to features of the person’s red blood cells. Classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells. Antigenic differences determine blood groups.

4. ABO B LOOD G ROUPING People are most familiar with ABO blood grouping. In this group, there are 4 different types of red blood cells : 1. A 2. B 3. AB 4. O About half of us are blood group O The next most common is blood group A. Few people have type B, and even fewer have type AB.

8. If you mix antigen-A antibodies with blood cells that have the A antigen or mix antigen-B antibodies with blood cells that have the B antigen, the result will be AGGLUTINATION. In other words – Clumping of Red Blood Cells. Drop of blood in which anti-A antibody was added Drop of blood in which anti- B antibody was added Blood Type ClumpingNo clumpingA ClumpingB AB No clumpingNo ClumpingO

10. R H B LOOD G ROUPING The Rh blood groups are the next most familiar type. People whose red cells have a particular feature called the “ D antigen” are Rh positive. People who lack the factor are Rh negative. Rh positive : antigen present on RBC’s (no antibodies) Rh negative: no antigen or antibodies will be produced if exposure occurs Most people are Rh positive.

11. B LOOD T YPE D ISTRIBUTION ( GENERAL POPULATION ) The + or – refers to the presence or absence of the Rh factor.

12. B LOOD G ROUP S YSTEMS The ABO system is the most important blood- group system in human-blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually "Immunoglobulin M", abbreviated IgM, antibodies. The Rhesus system is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion. The most significant Rhesus antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens.

13. Type O = Universal Donor Type AB= Universal recipeint

14. Red Blood Cell Compatibility Table

15. C LINICAL C ORRELATIONS

16. H EMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (HDN) A pregnant woman can make IgG blood group antibodies if her fetus has a blood group antigen that she does not have. This can happen if some of the fetus' blood cells pass into the mother's blood circulation,or sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion. This can cause Rh disease or other forms of HDN in the current pregnancy and/or subsequent pregnancies.

17. E RYTHROBLASTOSIS F ETALIS Hemolysis of RBC’s of the fetus which can cause anemia May occur when an Rh negative mother & Rh positive father have an Rh positive fetus. TREATMENT: RhoGAM Contains antibodies specific for Rh positive antigen. Injected within 72 hours after birth of Rh positive baby.

18. A CUTE HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTION Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe as possible. If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient, a severe acute hemolytic reaction with hemolysis can occur. a type of transfusion reaction that is associated with hemolysis. Breaking open of RBC’s and release of hemoglobin in to surrounding fluid.

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