1. Computer Science 111 Fundamentals of Programming I Introduction to Programmer-Defined Classes

2. Objects, Classes, and Methods Every data value in Python is an object Every object is an instance of a class Built in classes include int, float, str, tuple, list, dict A class include operations (methods) for manipulating objects of that class ( append, pop, sort, find, etc.) Operators ( ==, [], in, etc.) are “syntactic sugar” for methods

3. What Do Objects and Classes Do for Us? An object bundles together data and operations on those data A computational object can model practically any object in the real (natural or artificial) world Some classes come with a programming language Any others must be defined by the programmer

4. Programmer-Defined Classes The Turtle class is used to create objects that can draw pictures in a graphics window The Image class is used to load, process, and save images Like the built-in classes, these classes include operations to run with their instances

5. Other Examples A Student class represents information about a student and her test scores A Rational class represents rational numbers and their operations A Die class represents dice used in games SavingsAccount, CheckingAccount, Bank, and ATM are used to model a banking system Proton, Neutron, Electron, and Positron model particles in nuclear physics

6. die.py # The module for the Die class Die()# Returns a new Die object roll() # Resets the die's value getValue() # Returns the die's value The Die Class: Its Interface and Use Interface

7. die.py # The module for the Die class Die()# Returns a new Die object roll() # Resets the die's value getValue() # Returns the die's value The Die Class: Its Interface and Use from die import Die d = Die() # Create a new Die object d.roll() # Roll it print(d.getValue()) # Display its value help(Die) # Look up the documentation Interface Use

8. Specifying an Interface The user of a class is only concerned with learning the information included in the headers of the class’s methods This information includes the method name and parameters Collectively, this information comprises the class’s interface Docstrings describe what the methods do

9. Defining (Implementing) a Class The definition or implementation of a class includes completed descriptions of an object’s data and the methods for accessing and modifying those data The data are contained in instance variables and the methods are called instance methods Related class definitions often occur in the same module

10. class ( ): Syntax Template for a Simple Class Definition Basically a header followed by several method definitions

11. from random import randint class ( ): Defining the Die Class We’ll use random.randint to roll the die

12. from random import randint class Die(object): The Class Header By convention, class names are capitalized in Python

13. from random import randint class Die(object): The Class Header All Python classes are subclasses of the object class A class can inherit behavior from its parent class

14. from random import randint class Die(object): """This class represents a six-sided die.""" The Class Docstring A class’s docstring describes the purpose of the class

15. from random import randint class Die(object): """This class represents a six-sided die.""" def __init__(self): self._value = 1 Setting the Initial State A method definition looks a bit like a function definition The __init__ method (also called a constructor) is automatically run when an object is instantiated; this method usually sets the object’s initial state ( d = Die() )

16. from random import randint class Die(object): """This class represents a six-sided die.""" def __init__(self): self._value = 1 The self Parameter The name self must appear as the first parameter in each instance method definition Python uses this parameter to refer to the object on which the method is called

17. from random import randint class Die(object): """This class represents a six-sided die.""" def __init__(self): self._value = 1 Instance Variables self must also be used with all instance method calls and instance variable references within the defining class self refers to the current object (a die)

18. from random import randint class Die(object): """This class represents a six-sided die.""" def __init__(self): self._value = 1 def roll(self): """Resets the die's value.""" self._value = randint(1, 6) def getValue(self): return self._value Using Instance Variables self._value refers to this object’s instance variable

19. Where Are Classes Defined? Like everything else, in a module Define the Die class in a die module Related classes usually go in the same module ( SavingsAccount and Bank the bank module)

20. SavingsAccount(name, pin, bal) # Returns a new object getBalance() # Returns the current balance deposit(amount) # Makes a deposit withdraw(amount) # Makes a withdrawal computeInterest() # Computes the interest and # deposits it The Interface of the SavingsAccount Class

21. class SavingsAccount(object): """This class represents a savings account.""" def __init__(self, name, pin, balance = 0.0): self._name = name self._pin = pin self._balance = balance # Other methods go here Defining the SavingsAccount Class Note that name is a method’s parameter, whereas self._name is an object’s instance variable

22. class SavingsAccount(object): """This class represents a savings account.""" def __init__(self, name, pin, balance = 0.0): self._name = name self._pin = pin self._balance = balance # Other methods go here The Lifetime of a Variable Parameters exist only during the lifetime of a method call, whereas instance variables exist for the lifetime of an object

23. Parameters or Instance Variables? Use a parameter to send information through a method to an object Use an instance variable to retain information in an object An object’s state is defined by the current values of all of its instance variables References to instance variables must include the qualifier self

24. The Scope of a Variable The scope of a variable is the area of program text within which its value is visible The scope of a parameter is the text of its enclosing function or method The scope of an instance variable is the text of the enclosing class definition (perhaps many methods)

25. class SavingsAccount(object): """This class represents a savings account.""" def __init__(self, name, pin, balance = 0.0): self._name = name self._pin = pin self._balance = balance def deposit(self, amount): self._balance += amount def withdraw(self, amount): self._balance -= amount The Scope of a Variable self._balance always refers to the same storage area (for one object) amount refers to a different storage area for each method call

26. For Friday Continue in Chapter 8