Networked multimedia: state of the art and perspectives

Name: Networked multimedia: state of the art and perspectives
Uploaded: 2017-10-01T19:36:53+00:00
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Description: Networked multimedia: state of the art and perspectives

Networked multimedia: state of the art and perspectives
MACRo 2015 6 March, 2015 Csaba A. Szabó Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Networked Systems and Services

Networked multimedia, or multimedia communications?
From the old television in a living room … MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

© Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME
Networked multimedia? …through IPTV and Internet TV and mobile multimedia… MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Networked multimedia? … to social TV and social media. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Objective of this presentation
Give an overview of the state-of-the art multimedia communications technologies and services Analyse their present significance and expected future role Identify some development trends MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Outline Networked multimedia: a short history Delivery over dedicated networks Digital television IPTV Delivery over the public Internet Internet TV/OTT The social element in multimedia communications Social media Social TV Some development trends Presentation technologies Moving from dedicated delivery networks to broadband wireless/mobile access MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Some snapshots of history
MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

How old is networked multimedia? Tivadar Puskás’ telephone news service Source of multimedia: a studio similar to today’s radio studios Delivery of multimedia : via a dial-up network (the telephone network) as opposed to a radio broadcasting system MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Wireless communications and radio broadcasting
First demonstrations of wireless transmission Guglielmo Marconi 1898 – Nikola Tesla 1897 – Alexander Popov Voice over Radio First voice over radio transmission 1940s – Penetration of FM radio Mobile telephony NTT/Japan deploys first cellular communication system 2000s – 3rd, 4th generation cellular system standards MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Television broadcasting
Systems based on electronic transmitting tubes RCA’s “iconoscope” in 1931, based on Zworykin’s experiments (1923) and Kálmán Tihanyi’s (1924). Commercial transmitting tubes and broadcasting systems “Super-iconoscope” by Zworykin in Germany (1934) First public tv broadcasting in 1936 (Germany, Olympic games) 525-line/625-line TV system implemented in the USA (1941), in the Soviet Union (1946), 625-line becomes the European (CCIR) standard Colour television NTSC in the USA (1953) SECAM in France (patented in 1946, first broadcasting in 1967) PAL in West Germany (1953), first broadcasts in 1967 in the UK and in Germany MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Overview of current comm. systems used for multimedia delivery
Wireline telecommunications networks (analogue – the PSTN - , ISDN) Wireless broadcasting systems: terrestrial, satellite Cable TV distribution systems Mobile communications networks (currently 3G, 4G) Internet (access via telephone local loop – xDSL -, via cable TV network or satellite, via mobile) MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Multimedia (TV) delivery over dedicated networks

Digital television broadcasting
Advantages of digital as opposed to analog TV: For subscribers Improved quality, larger choice of channels (1 free multiplex of 8 TV channels plus radio stations) For broadcasters Distributing more channels without having to purchase more bandwidth For regulators Governments can sell the frequency bands freed up by the digital switchover DVB (Europe) and ATSC (USA) Digital TV by satellite, then cable and terrestrial systems (DVB-S/C/T) DVB 2nd generation MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

DVB technology Sophisticated source coding and channel coding methods Source coding: MPEG-2 (3…10 Mbps), MPEG-4 (1.5 Mbps) Channel coding: Forward error correction, scrambling, efficient digital modulation technique to cope with the noises in terrestrial and satellite radio channels, and with limited bandwidth in cable TV channels Common units for S-C-T: Scrambler, outer FEC, outer interleaver, PLUS: Satellite: low SNR: additional error correcting coding, enough bandwidth: QPSK modulation Cable: good SNR, low bandwidth: efficient 16QAM…64QAM modulation schemes Terrestrial: the most demanding channel. Inner FEC and interleaver, 16…64QAM, OFDM MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Conceptual scheme of the three DVB systems

Digital switchover worldwide
RED: completed ORANGE: large trsmtrs are digital YELLOW: in progress GREEN: analogue GREY: no information Source: Vikipedia MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Importance of digital terrestrial broadcasting for the society?
For low-income population groups, living in rural areas, in less developed countries, terrestrial broadcasting is the only way to consume: news entertainment programs educational programs For them, the digital switchover means that the terrestrial broadcasting will survive in its new form, and will remain available in the foreseeable future. One multiplex for free. A successful government support project in Hungary. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

IPTV Technically: TV distribution/delivery over IP, the Internet Protocol From business point of view: opportunity for “classical” telecom operators to enter into the broadcasting business “Triple play” providers: TV + Internet + telephone What can IPTV offer (compared with digital TV broadcasting)? High quality picture and sound as in digital broadcasting. “Time shift” - allowing playback of content after its initial transmission. EPG or Electronic Program Guide. Personalized interactive media consumption services. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

The IPTV delivery network
As access network, ADSL and FTTH are dominant MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

IPTV functional architecture

Importance of IPTV IPTV is an excellent opportunity for telecom operators to enter into broadcasting business without having to build a new network infrastructure for it. IPTV offers attractive features for customers, too, that are virtually unavailable from traditional broadcasters and are only partly offered by cable operators: flexibility and interactivity. Examples of target groups: Housewifes (flexibility of enjoying programs while taking care of family businesses Younger people accustomed to consuming media in an interactive way on the Internet MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Delivery over the public internet

Moving from dedicated delivery networks to the public Internet
Linear media consumption: Traditional TV broadcasting Edited programmes, based on a schedule known in advance Non-linear media consumption Desktop or laptop or mobile device with Internet access Access to, download, watch/listen the media we choose When we want, consume it again, in parts if we wish so Just like in the past with VHS video casette player and later with DVD Generation divide But the non-linear content consumption principle is not unfamiliar also to non-Internet generations: after all books are non-linear content, too MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Transition Rigid boundaries seem to be softening Home media players bring non-linear content into TV sets Linear content can be viewed also on desktops, laptops, smartphones Penetration of smart TVs Smart TV, connected TV, hybrid TV: integration of Internet and Web2.0 capabilities into TV sets and set-top boxes OTT – Over-the-top content - can be seen as an effort to bridge this gap MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

OTT content delivery? OTT = content distribution over the Internet Separating content provider and distributor/network service provider roles (the latter are the ISPs) As opposed to traditional broadcasting companies or to the majority of IPTV providers (they are “vertical” service providers) OTT could be called Internet TV Internet TV  IPTV? The former uses the public Internet, the latter uses a dedicated, managed IP network OTT should not be called Internet TV It is too general and only refers to the technical side OTT is also a service/business model MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

OTT vs IPTV OTT IPTV Delivery network The open Internet A proprietary – managed - network Network ownership by the content provider/aggregator? No, network provider and content provider roles are separated Usually the content provider owns the delivery network Quality of Service In general, best effort provided by an ISP, a CDN* may be used to improve it QoS can be guaranteed Protocol for media transport HTTP/TCP, adaptive streaming like HLS is emerging Transport stream over RTP/UDP Routing topology Unicast Multicast * CDN: Content Delivery Network MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Components of the OTT ecosystem
Content providers Content aggregators and distributors ISP – Internet Service Providers CDN – Content Delivery/Distribution network – provider Access/core network provider Example: Content provider: e.g. BBC Content aggregator and distributor: Netflix (USA, UK) ISP: Verizon (USA), T-Home (in many European countries) CDN provider: Akamai (USA), StreamZilla (The Netherlands), Antenna Hungaria (Hungary) Access/core network providers: most traditional telcos and mobile operators MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

OTT Services: Netflix Netflix is the world's leading Internet television network with more than 50 million customers in 40 countries USA, Central and South America, many European countries (currently 12) incl. UK, Ireland, Scandinavian countries, Central Europe Unlimited amount of movies and TV shows for a monthly subscription fee MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Apple tv iTunes Store YouTube, Vimeo etc. News and sport channels (Wall Street Journal) Netflix, Hulu (where accessible) Any media from MAC, iPhone, iPad Connected to tv set via HDMI, to Internet via Ethernet or Wi-Fi Remote controller or application for iPhone MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Technical issues How can the service provider ensure QoS without owning the distribution network or having access to it (because the distribution network is the Internet)? Only monitoring and collecting information at the receiver side is possible, no intervention ISP cannot monitor the content of the IP packets (the “network neutrality” principle) Also different business interests Fortunately, broadband Internet is penetrating, with increasing quality and reliability In EU: min. 100 Mbps access shall be granted for the whole population by 2020. Inclusion of a CDN – Content Delivery Network) provider into the delivery process. What is a CDN? MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

OTT: Pricing structures
Case-by-case (transaction-based) charging Subscription-based (flat rate) charging Combination of the two can be a good solution: Subscription to a certain amount of programs (TV channels) plus transaction-based charging for stored content (e.g. for DVDs) Free How to collect revenues then? Advertisements Rarely used as the only scheme, rather in combination with the first two schemes Example: Hulu, offers free access (ad-supported) and subscription based Hulu Plus, currently for 7.99 USD per month MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

The social element in multimedia communications

Social networks and sharing sites
Usage Users FaceBook General, blogs, photos, applications 1.3 billion (2014) Google+ General 500 million Twitter Microblogging, RSS, video sharing 100 million Tumblr General, microblogging 210 million blogs LinkedIn Professional/business contacts 200 million Sharing sites Usage Users Flickr Photo 30 million Instagram (FBook) Photo, video 150 million YouTube (Google) Video 14 billion views (2010) MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

So, what is social media? Content produced and consumed by many Personal content (photos, videos – digital storytelling) Content collected by individuals and published on the web Content is multimedia (today: picture, video, voice, data, in the future: smell, tactile info etc.) Sharing plays an essential role New approach to multimedia content search Using tags, recommendation, collaborative annotations of social network users MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Example: digital storytelling (1)
Digital storytelling is a combination of narrative with digital content, including images, sound, and video, to produce a short movie, typically with a strong personal character and usually with emotional component. Who is doing digital storytelling? An earlier project by BBC: encouraged and sponsored people all around the UK to capture videos on local histories and cultures. San Francisco broadcasting station KQED solicited high school students to shoot stories about how they are living in California. Digital storytelling has a great significance in education. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Example: digital storytelling (2)
What do you need for that? A script and some hw/sw Capturing device (video camera, smartphone, iPad etc.) Editing environment (a desktop or laptop with the necessary inputs and with an editing software, e.g. Apple iMovie, Microsoft MovieMaker). Visit these sites: (many samples) (a recent EU project) Users become content producers too („prosumers“= producers and consumers) Generate personal content and share via social networks Generate content for broadcasters and news portals MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Social TV: What is it? Community interactions in the context of viewing TV programs How do we view TV programs? Home living room environment Desktop environment Mobile media consumption MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Home living room environment
Main components: Content comes: Large plasma, LCD or LED screens from air or cable as before, more recently, via IPTV, (waiting for OLED), from the Internet and presented on living room equipment (supported by proprietary „media center“ type solutions). HD presentation, 3D is penetrating, high-fidelity sound systems. This set-up can be called a „linear“ media consumption environment, with limited interaction possibilities. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Desktop environment PCs or notebooks, both in the office and at home, Numerous TV and radio broadcasting programs are directly available on the Internet, More and more content can be acquired from the social sites (Facebook, YouTube), In the latter case, content consumption is often accompanied by annotation and recommendation services, thus bringing more interactivity than can be achieved in the living room environment. Interactivity is supported by several communication capabilities (instant messaging, voice/video calls e.g. via Skype, voice/video conferencing) MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Mobile media consumption
Mobile and portable devices (smartphones, tablets. Radio broadcasting receivers are often built in. TV channels are accessible via Internet, alternatively DVB-H where available. Internet connectivity (everywhere via Wi-Fi and 3G/4G mobile) Interactivity is supported by the inherent communication capabilities: voice calls, SMS, MMS, video calls These devices both serve for media presentation and production. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Social TV? Combine the three settings making use of what the social networks offer: tagging, recommendations etc. to create community interactions in the context of viewing tv programs. Collecting multimedia information related to the piece of media just being watched/listened Collecting and presenting multimedia information related to the geographical location the user is currently visiting Hitchcock‘s „Vertigo“ MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Social MIT MIT „10 most important emerging technologies, 2010” A central database aggregates video from online sources like YouTube, shares user-specified data with social networks, delivers video to the user's TV, lets users and the people in their networks send comments and ratings via an iPhone app. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

So what is social TV? [5] Content selection and sharing Making decisions on what to watch based on peers; sharing programs or edited versions Communication Direct communication via chat, audio, or video with other peers Community building Commenting about a television program with a large community Status update Making available to others what you are watching MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Some development trends

Presentation technologies (1)
Current 3D possibilities or higher resolution? 3D-capable TV sets have been around for several years, Several broadcasters started 3D trials in 2001 and 2002 then suspended them Why 3D TV (based on current technologies) is not breaking through? viewing inconvenience, not adequate image quality not a real 3D, no space experience just depth 3D has added value only for a few genres content offering is far from satisfactory On the other hand, higher resolution (beyond HD) seems to be attractive for users UHD 4k (3840x2160 pixels) and 8k (7680x4320 pixels) First in monitors then from 2013 in TV sets MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Presentation technologies (2)
“True” 3D: Free Viewpoint Video and Television A multiview system where the user can freely choose the viewpoint he/she wants to watch a scene from. Is based on FVV, Free Viewpoint Video, a breakthrough technology: The scene is recorded simultaneously by several (many) cameras, controlled by the master camera and the operator The resulting multiple video stream is processed by appropriate coding technologies, transmitted to the receiver side, where it is decoded and rendered to a special display. So far this technology was commercially utilized mainly on the production side. The world’s first real-time free-viewpoint TV system, including the complete chain of operation from image capture to display, was constructed by Masayuki Tanimoto and his team in 2010. MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

Delivery: Moving from dedicated networks to broadband wireless
Because of the new frequency bands, freed up by the digital switchover, will mostly go to mobile operators, they will significantly improve their broadband Internet access service So the analogue-to-digital transition, that has just been completed in the developed world and is underway elsewhere, paves the way towards its own replacement by OTT, eventually causing its death??? MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

What will likely be the future?
Analogue TV distribution will soon be terminated in CATV networks, too, so everything will be digital DVB-T will grow in the next few years then a decrease will likely start IPTV will remain significant in the next few years Mobile broadband Internet access will grow due to reuse of the digital dividend and later due to freeing up new bands Further development of the mobile broadband technologies is expected from the present 3G, HSDPA, 4G/LTE to 5G services The share of the non-linear media consumption will grow and will eventually become dominant Commercial introduction of novel 3D technologies that will provide unprecedented viewing and listening experience MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

What will likely be the future?
The near future is characterised by a multiplicity of platforms, interfaces etc., no universal worldwide standard is expected to be established In longer term, mobile broadband access will likely become dominant MACRo 2015 © Csaba A. Szabo, Dept. of Networked Systems and Services, BME

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