1. ‘Characteristics of Industrial Waste’
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT
IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
‘Characteristics of Industrial Waste’
By; Mrs Hafiza Binti Shukor

2. Student should be able to;
EXPLAIN, INTERPRET, and CALCULATE the physical, chemical and biological properties of waste material and DESCRIBE its toxicology. REWRITE the common wastewater constituents and contaminants.
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

3. 4 categories to describe water quality;
Physical
Related to the quality of water for domestic use.
Associated with the appearance of water
Eg. Color, turbidity, temperature, taste and odor.
Chemical
Sometimes evidenced by their observed reactions (comparative performance of
hard & soft waters in laundering)
Most often, differences are not visible.
Microbiology
Very important in their relation to public health
Significant in modifying the physical and chemical characteristic of water
Radiological
Considered in areas where there is a possibility that the water may have come in
contact with radioactive substances
(Davis and Cornwell,2008)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

4. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The most important characteristic of wastewater
Composed of floating matter, settleable matter, colloidal matter and matter in solution.
Solids found in wastewater;
Total solids (TS)
Mass remain after evaporation at oC
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Mass remain on whatman filter GF/C after drying at oC
Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS)
Solids that can be volatilized and burned off when TSS are ignited at oC. (applied most commonly to wastewater sludge to measure their biological stability)
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Those solids that pass through the filter and are then evaporated and dried at specified temp.
Settleable Solids
Solid settle at the bottom of an “Inhoff Cone” after 60mins
SOLIDS
Solids removed by settling and separated from wash water are called sludge, which may then be pumped to drying beds or filtered for extraction of additional water (dewatering).
The organic fraction will oxidize and will be driven off as gas at this temperature, and the inorganic fraction remains behind as ash. Thus the terms "Volatile suspended solids" and "Fixed suspended solids" refer, respectively, to the organic and inorganic (or mineral) content of the suspended solids.
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

5. Unit = Turbidity Unit (TU)@ Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)
Continue….
Measure of the light –transmitting properties of the water due to presence of suspended material such as clay, organic material, plankton & other particulate material.
Measured based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by reference suspension under the same condition.
Unit = Turbidity Unit
Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)
other suspended particle – not adversely affect health but water containing such particles may require treatment.
Turbidity excess of 5 TU easily detectable in a glass of water.
TURBIDITY
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

6. excessive blooms of algae or growth of aquatic microorganisms.
Continue….
Refer to degree of absorption of light energy in visible spectrum ( nm)
Causes by ;
dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation & certain inorganic matter.
excessive blooms of algae or growth of aquatic microorganisms.
But its presence is aesthetically objectionable & needs
appropriate treatment.
Activated sludge and trickling filters can remove a certain percentage of some types of colored matter.
Sometimes color matters needs chemical oxidation procedures for removal.
COLOR
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

7. Comes from domestic, agricultural @ natural sources.
Continue….
Cause by foreign matter (organic compound, inorganic dissolved gases.
Odors are usually caused by gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter or by substances added to the wastewater.
Industrial wastewater may contain either odorous compounds or compounds that produce odor during the process of wastewater treatment.
Comes from domestic, natural sources.
At point of use, drinking water should be free from any objectionable odor.
TASTE
&
ODOR
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

8. Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water
Continue….
Very important parameter - its effect on chemical reactions and reaction rates, aquatic life, and the suitability of the water for beneficial uses.
The increase in the rate of biochemical reactions that accompanies an increase in temperature, combined with the decrease in the quantity of oxygen present in surface waters, can often cause serious depletions in dissolved oxygen concentration in the summer months.
Abnormally high temperatures can foster the growth of undesirable water plants and wastewater fungus
Most desirable drinking waters are consistently cool & do not have fluctuations of more than a few degrees.
Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water
Industrial establishments that use surface water for cooling-water purposes are particularly concerned with the temperature of the intake water.
Groundwater & surface water usually meet these
criteria.
TEMP.
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

9. Continue….
The hydrogen-ion concentration is an important quality parameter of wastewater.
The concentration range suitable for the existence of most biological life is quite narrow and critical.
Wastewater with an adverse concentration of hydrogen ion is difficult to treat by biological means, and if the concentration is not altered before discharge, the wastewater effluent may alter the concentration in the natural waters. pH
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

10. Example 1; Analysis of Solids Data….
Determine the concentration of total solids(TS), total dissolved solids (TDS),
total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) in 50mL of
wastewater based on data given;
Mass of dry dish = g
Mass of dry dish + residue after drying at 105oC = g
Mass of dry dish + residue after ignition at 550oC = g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter = g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after drying at 105oC = g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after ignition at 550oC = g
Ans : Total solids(TS) = 722 mg/L
Total dissolved solids (TDS) = 480 mg/L
Total suspended solids (TSS) = 242 mg/L
Volatile suspended solids (VSS) = 156 mg/L
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

11. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Most of water contain.
Amount presence causes by ;
-Leaching of marine sedimentary deposits
-Pollution from sea industrial @ domestic waste.
Chloride conc. > 250 mg/L – noticeable taste
Domestic water should contain < 100 mg/L chloride.
CHLORIDE
Some areas – water source contain natural fluoride.
Excessive fluoride in drinking water – produce fluorosis (mottling) of teeth.
Mottled – black streaks and may become brittle when exposed to large amounts of fluoride.
Acceptable level for fluoride conc. between 0.8 – 1.3 mg/L
FLUORIDE
(Davis and Cornwell, 2008)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

12. Nitrogen
Because nitrogen is an essential building block in the synthesis of protein, nitrogen data will be required to evaluate the treatability of wastewater by biological processes.
Insufficient nitrogen can necessitate the addition of nitrogen to make the wastewater treatable.
Where control of alga growth in the receiving water is necessary to protect beneficial uses, removal or reduction of nitrogen in wastewaters prior to discharge may be desirable.
The total nitrogen, as a commonly used parameter, consists of many numerous compounds such as; NH3, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, urea, organic-N (amines, amino acids, ...etc).

13. Ammonia-Nitrogen Test (Bio Laboratory)
Using DR2800 reactor
Prepare Sample: Fill a 25mL volumetric flask with 25mL of waste sample.
Blank Preparation: Fill a 25mL volumetric flask with 25mL of distilled water.
3 different reagent (Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent) will be used:
- Mineral Mtabilizer
-Polyvinyl Alcohol
-Nessler Reagent
Add three drops of Mineral Stabilizer to volumetric flask. Stopper and invert several times to mix.
Add three drops of Polyvinyl Alcohol to each volumetric flask. Stopper and invert several times to mix.
Pipette 1.0mL of Nessler Reagent into each volumetric flask. Stopper and invert several times to mix.

14. Phosphorus.
Phosphorus is also essential to the growth of algae and other biological organisms.
The organically bound phosphorus is an important constituent of industrial wastewater and sludge.
Sulfur.
Sulfate is reduced biologically under anaerobic conditions to sulfide, which in turn can combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
The accumulated H2S can then be oxidized biologically to sulfuric acid, which is corrosive to steel pipes and equipment.

15. TOXIC INORGANIC SUBSTANCES TOXIC ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Continue….
Major clases ;
Nitrates (NO3) -
Cyanides (CN)
Heavy metals constituents;
– arsenics (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), and silver (Ag)
- effects – cause poisons ( As and Cr 6+)
- chronic disease (Pb, Cd, and Hg)
TOXIC INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
(Davis and Cornwell, 2008)
TOXIC ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
There are over 120 toxic organic compounds listed on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Priority Pollutant List.
Eg; pesticide, insecticides and solvents.
Effects may be
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

16. MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Continue….
MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
The analysis used to measure aggregate organic material may be divided into 2;
To measure gross conc. of organic substance greater than 1.0 mg/L
To measure trace conc. in the range of to 100 mg/L
Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts of organic matter (typically greater than 1mg/L) in wastewater include;
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total organic carbon (TOD)
Complementing of these laboratory tests is the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), which is determined from the chemical formula of the organic matter.
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

17. Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)
Continue….
Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)
The most widely used parameter of organic pollution
5-day BOD – involved the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by
microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter.
BOD test results are used to;
Determine the appropriate quantity of oxygen that will be required to
biologically stabilize the organic matter present.
Measure the efficiency of some treatment process
Determine the size of waste treatment facilities.
Determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits.
BOD at 20oC for 5 days is used as standard test (measure after 5 days in incubation at 20oC).
Use bacteria to oxidize biodegradable organic in wastewater sample after incubation.
BOD can be calculates by measuring DO before & after incubation.
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

18. BOD can be calculated by; when the dilution water is not seeded;
Continue….
BOD can be calculated by;
when the dilution water is not seeded;
BOD (mg/L) = D1 – D2 P
when the dilution water is seeded;
BOD (mg/L) = (D1-D2)- (B1 – B2) f
where,
D1 = dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after preparation (mg/L)
D2 =dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after 20oC(mg/L)
P = volumetric fraction of sample used to total volume
B1 = dissolved oxygen of seed control before incubation (mg/L)
B2 = dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation (mg/L)
f = ratio of sample to seed in control
Seeded is done if the WW is known to contain insufficient numb of microorganism for degradation of WW.
Use suitable bacteria culture with the WW system
CONTROL is used to eliminate effects by the presence of impurities in dilution water to the BOD value (need to aerated atleast 2hr)
f = % seed in D1
% seed in B1
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

19. The limitations of the BOD5 test are as follows:
A high concentration of active, acclimated seed bacteria is required.
Pretreatment is needed when dealing with toxic wastes, and the effects of nitrifying organisms must be reduced.
Only the biodegradable organics are measured.
The test does not have stoichiometric validity after the soluble organic matter present in solution has been used.
An arbitrary, long period of time is required to obtain results.

20. REACTION KINETICS OF BOD….
Continue….
REACTION KINETICS OF BOD….
Is assumed to obey first-order kinetics.
integration
Where,
Lt = amount of 1st order BOD in WW at time t (mg/L)
k = reaction rate constant
BODL = ultimate carbonaceous BOD (mg/L)
Typical value of k for untreated wastewater (base e) is about 0.23d-1.
1st order reaction rate constant will be expressed in log (base 10) units. The relationship between k (base e) and K (base 10)is as follows;
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

21. REACTION KINETICS OF BOD….
Continue….
REACTION KINETICS OF BOD….
k at temperature (T) other than 20oC,
(T = 20 to 30oC)
(T = 4 to 20oC)
Amount BOD at time t,
Amount BOD exerted after time t,
Amount BOD exerted after 5 days (BOD5),
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

22. Example 2; Calculation of BOD (a)
The following information is available for a seeded 5-day BOD test conducted
on a wastewater sample. 15mL of the waste sample was added directly into 300mL
incubation bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8mg/L and the final
DO after 5 days was 1.9mg/L . The corresponding initial and final DO of the
seeded dilution water was 9.1 and 7.9 respectively. What is the 5-day BOD
(BOD5) of the wastewater sample?
Ans : mg/L
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

23. Example 3; Calculation of BOD (b)
Determine the 1-day BOD and ultimate first-stage BOD for a wastewater whose
5-day 20oC BOD is 200 mg/L. The reaction constant k (base e)=0.23d-1. What
would have been the 5-day BOD if the test had been conducted at 25oC?
Ans : Lt = 293 mg/L,
BOD1=60.1 mg/L
BOD5=224 mg/L
Example 4; Calculation of BOD (c)
If BOD3 for wastewater sample is 75 mg/L and the BOD decay rate constant
is k=0.345 day-1, determine the ultimate BOD value.
Ans : L = 116 mg/L,
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

24. Example 5; Calculation of BOD (d)
A stream of wastewater is discharged into a river at 28oC. What is the fraction of
Maximum oxygen usage in 4 days if the BOD rate constant, k which is determined
under standard conditions is day-1 (assume 0 = 1.135)
Ans : K28= day-1,
BOD4/L=0.72
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

25. Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
To measure degree of oxidation/ degradation of organics using strong chemical agent (dichromate in an acid solution).
measure the organic matter in industrial wastewater that contains compounds that are toxic to biological life.
It oxidizes the reduced compounds in wastewater through a reaction with a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acid at high temperatures.
Measure difference of amount of K2Cr2O7 before and after heating using ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) as a reducing agent.
Higher than BOD (because more compounds can be chemically oxidized than can be biologically oxidized)
Ratio BOD/COD varies (usually 1.5: 2 for industrial wastewater containing biodegradable material (e.g. Food Industry).
For wastewaters with ratios higher than 3, it is assumed that some oxidizable material in the sample is not biodegradable.
Nonbiodegradable material sometimes is called refractory and found mainly in wastewater from chemical and pulp & paper industries.
(+3)
(+6)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

26. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) TEST (BIO LAB)
Use COD reactor (DRB 200). Preheat to 150ºC (2 hours).
Blank Preparation: Use a clean volumetric pipet to add 2.00 mL of distilled water to the vial that contain COD reagent.
Sample Preparation: Use a clean volumetric pipet to add 2.00mL of sample to the vial.
DRB 2800 Spectrophotometer
Reading Method: Select the 435 HR.
Result are in mg/L COD will be displayed.

27. Differences Between Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
BOD
COD
Measures biodegradable organics
Measures biodegradable and non biodegradable organics
Uses oxidizing microorganism
Uses a strong chemical agent
Affected by toxic substance
Not affected
Affected by temperature
5 days incubation
2 hrs
Accuracy + 10%
Accuracy + 2%
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

28. Total Organic Carbon(TOC) Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
To determine total organic carbon in an aqueous sample.
The test methods for TOC utilize heat & oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, chemical oxidants, or some combination of these methods to convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide which is measured with an infrared analyzer or by other means.
TOC can be used as a measure of its pollution characteristics and in some cases, it has been possible to relate TOC to BOD and COD values.
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
Determined based on ‘chemical formula’ of specific organic substances.
Consider ‘biochemical & nitrogenous oxygen’ demand
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

29. Example 6; Determination of BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD Ratios
Determine the theoretical BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD ratios for
The following compound C5H7NO2. Assume the value of the BOD first-order
Reaction rate constant is 0.23/d (base e) (0.10/d base 10)
Ans : BOD/COD = 0.68
BOD/TOC = 1.82
TOC/COD = 0.37
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

30. Example 7; Calculation of ThOD
Determine the ThOD for glycine (CH2(NH2)COOH) using the following
assumption;
a)If the 1st step, the organic carbon & nitrogen are converted to carbon dioxide
(CO2) and ammonia (NH3), respectively
b)In the 2nd and 3rd steps, the ammonia is oxidized sequentially to nitrite and
nitrate.
c)The ThOD is the sum of the oxygen required for all three steps.
Ans : ThOD= 112 g O2/mol glycine.
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

31. DISEASE -PRODUCING ORGANISMS (pathogens)
MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DISEASE -PRODUCING ORGANISMS (pathogens)
Water for drinking & cooking purposes must be made FREE from disease-producing organisms (pathogens)
Disease-producing organisms (pathogens) – viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths (worms).
Some organism can cause disease in people oroginate with the fecal discharge of infected animals.
Specific disease-producing organism presence in water are not easily identify.
The techniques for comprehensive bacteriological examination are COMPLEX and TIME CONSUMING.
Eg ; Total Coliform Test
(Davis and Cornwell, 2008)
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

32. RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cause by;
The development and use of atomic energy as a power source
The mining of radioactive materials
Naturally occur
It is necessary to establish limiting concentrations for the intake into the body.
The effect of human exposure to radioactive materials are HARMFUL and any unnecessary exposure should be avoided.
The amount of radiation to which the individual is normally exposed varies with the amount of background radioactivity.
Water with high radioactivity is not normal
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

33. “BOD” (kg/ton product) “TSS” (kg/ton product)
Typical range of BOD and S.S. load for industrial and municipal wastewater *
Origin of waste
Biochemical oxygen demand
“BOD” (kg/ton product)
Total Suspended solids
“TSS” (kg/ton product)
Domestic sewage
(kg/day/person)
(kg/day/person)
Dairy industry
5.3
2.2
Yeast industry
125
18.7
Starch & glucose industry
13.4
9.7
Fruits & vegetable canning industry
12.5
4.3
Textile industry
Pulp & paper industry
Beverage industry
* Rapid assessment for industrial pollution
Tannery industry

34. Important contaminants of concern in industrial wastewater treatment
Suspended solids
Suspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic environment.
Nutrients
Both nitrogen and phosphate, along with carbon, are essential nutrients for growth. When discharged to the aquatic environment, these nutrients can lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater.
Priority pollutants
Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or high acute toxicity. Many of these compounds are found in wastewater.

35. Refractory organics
These organics tend to resist conventional methods of wastewater treatment. Typical examples include surfactants, phenols, and agricultural pesticides.
Heavy metals
Heavy metals are usually discharged to wastewater from commercial and industrial activities and have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.
Dissolved inorganics
Inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and sulfate are added to the original domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.

36. Typical range of concentration values for industrial and municipal wastewater **
Origin of waste pH
T.S.S, mg/l
BOD, mg/l
COD, mg/l
TDS, mg/l
O&G, mg/l
Domestic Sewage 7
220
250
500 -
Dairy Industry 4
12150
14000
21100
19000
320
Yeast Industry
5.3
540
2100
3400
3500 9
Fruits & Vegetable Canning
5.5
2200
800
1400
1270 94
Textile Industry
6.5
1800
840
1500
17000
155
Pulp & Paper Industry 8
1640
360
2300
1980
Beverage Industry
760
620
1150
1290
Tannery Industry 10
2600
2370
4950
8500
115
** Previous analysis conducting in several companies.
Fish Canning 11
565
890
2350
8218
290

37. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER & SURFACE WATER
Table 1.0 General characteristics of groundwater and surface water
GROUND
SURFACE
Constant composition
High mineralization
Little Turbidity
no color
Bacteriologically safe
No dissolved oxygen
High hardness
H2S, Fe, Mn
Varying composition
Low mineralization
High Turbidity
Color
Microorganisms Present
Dissolved oxygen
Low hardness
Tastes and odors
Possible chemical toxicity
Adapted from Davis and Cornwell, 2008
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

38. Water underneath the ground.
SURFACE WATER
Usually rainwater that collects in surface water bodies, like oceans, lakes, or streams.
Another source - groundwater that comes out of the ground from springs.
Become polluted when contaminants come into direct contact and either dissolve or physically mix with the water.
GROUNDWATER
Water underneath the ground.
Comes from rain water or water from surface water like lakes or streams that soaks into the soil.
The water is stored underground in the tiny spaces between rocks and soil grains and can move around within the soil.
Groundwater contamination occurs when the water comes into contact with contaminants.
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

39. OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
CHARACTERISTICS
OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Industrial process generate a wide variety of wastewater pollutant.
The characteristics and level of pollutants very significantly from industry to industry
Table 1.1 Example of industrial wastewater concentration for BOD5
and suspended solids (Davis and Cornwell,2008)
Industry
BOD5,mg/L
Suspended Solid, mg/L
Ammunition
Fermentation
Slaughterhouse (cattle)
Pulp and paper (kraft)
Tannery
50-300
4,500
400-2,500
700-7,000
70-1,700
10,000
400-1,000
75-300
4,000-20,000
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

40. TOXICITY ?
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism.
Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as ;
Animal
Bacterium
Plant
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

41. TYPES OF TOXICITY PHYSICAL
-include things not usually thought of under the heading of "toxic" by many people
-eg. direct blows, concussion, sound and vibration, heat and cold etc
CHEMICAL
-include inorganic substances such as lead, mercury, asbestos, hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas
-also organic compounds such as methyl alcohol, most medications, and poisons from living things.
BIOLOGICAL
-include those bacteria and viruses that are able to induce disease in living organisms.
-can be complicated to measure because the "threshold dose" may be a single organism.
-Theoretically one virus, bacterium or worm can reproduce to cause a serious infection.
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

42. TOXICITY TEST Toxicity test are used to;
Assess the suitability of environmental conditions for aquatic life
Establish acceptable receiving water concentrations for conventional
parameter such as DO, pH, temp. or turbidity.
Study the effects of water quality parameters on wastewater toxicity.
Determine the effectiveness of wastewater-treatment method.
Assess the degree of wastewater treatment needed to meet water
pollution control requirement.
Determines compliance with federal & state water quality standard
and water quality criteria.
Establish permissible effluent discharge rate
ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
SEM 1 (2010/2011)

43. NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Such treatment should comply with the terms of the legislation defining the characteristics of the effluent discharging in water streams.
The concept of planning and development should be based on the criteria to protect land, water resources, aquatic life in streams and rivers and marine life from pollution and to safeguard public health as a high priority.
The environmental inspection on wastewater treatment plants aims to support and strengthen the Protection of both the environment and the public health, since the pollution generated from the industrial establishments has a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on the health of the individuals.
Therefore, it is noted that most of the procedures that could be implemented by industrial establishments to reduce the negative environmental impacts, will also lead to reducing the effects that present a threat to the health of workers within the plants and the public living in regions affected by the various emissions from the plants.
In this respect, the effectiveness of the inspection on industrial wastewater treatment plants will lead to the protection of the environment and the protection of workers and public health.

44. THE END……
Thank You