2. Deforestation Converting forests for agriculture & tree farms

4. Headwaters Redwood Forest, California

5. Headwaters Forest -- 200,000 fragmented acres

6. Forest Background yThe area of the world's forests, including natural forests and plantations, was about 3.5 billion ha in 1995 xSource: UNITED NATIONS STATE OF THE FORESTS REPORT (SOFO - 1997) yThis is 26.6 percent of the total land area of the world except for Greenland and the Antarctic.

7. Forests in Decline yBetween 1970 and 1995 the world’s natural forest cover declined: xabout 10 per cent as wood and paper consumption increased by two-thirds xat a rate averaging 0.5 per cent per year equivalent to an annual loss of forest the size of England and Wales.

8. ... reducing “interior” forest characteristics upon which many species depend Habitat Shrinkage and fragmentation play a key role...

9. Deforestation Rates yWorldwide, deforestation is continuing at a rapid rate, and in the developing world, it is most rapid, at an estimated annual rate of 0.65 percent yDeforestation is most rapid in the tropical zone of the developing world, with the highest annual rate of loss over this period in tropical Asia-Oceania (0.98 percent annually) yGlobally, 11.3 million hectares (ha) of the world's forests are lost each year

10. Deforestation rates may be slowing slightly in the developing world Natural Forests in Developing Countries: y1990-1995 decreased 13.7 million ha annually z 1980-1990 decreased 15.5 million ha annually

11. “Frontier Forests” Studyby the World Resources Institute yStudied the world’s “Frontier forests” -- the original, natural forests present 8,000 years ago before agricultures dispersed widely

12. Findings of Frontier Forests Study y“Almost half of Earth’s original forest cover is gone yMuch of it was destroyed within the last three decades” yOnly 1/5 of this remaining, original forest is relatively undisturbed

13. The remaining, original forests... yAlmost 70% of the remaining, original forest is in Russia, Canada and Brazil. yMost of this is in the inhospitable northern boreal forests of Russia and Canada

17. More Findings of the Frontier Forests Study... yOutside of the remote northern forests, about 75 percent of the remaining frontier forests are threatened yIncluding the least accessible original forests, 39% of the total faces immediate threats by logging, agricultural clearing, and other human activity

21. PNG: Forest type: Tropical Threats: Logging and oil pipeline development. (A large oilfield has been discovered about 180 miles inland.) At risk: A vast tract of relatively undisturbed tropical forest of exceptionally high species richness. Homelands for several groups of indigenous people. Oceana: Australia, NewZealand, Papua New Guinea

22. Logging Continues to Shrink Forests zWith the world's forests continuing to shrink, after holding 10 meetings on five continents since 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests, comprised of more than 70 governments, ended two years of talks in February 1999....

23. Without agreeing to any binding curbs on logging

24. zThe United States helped block any agreement, fearing slower economic growth.

25. It not just government inaction that leads activists to frustration and rage... It is that the government directly supports deforestation

26. U.S. Citizens subsidize the destruction of their own forests zU.S. Forest Service lost $1 billion between 1995 and 1997 by subsidizing the timber industry. According to the U.S. Government’s General Accounting Office.

27. You get what you pay for

39. And a U.S.Agriculture Office Inspector General report released in January 1999 acknowledged widespread corruption in its timber program, finding: * The “integrity of environmental decisions was not maintained” U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Office of Inspector General Evaluation Report No. 08801-10-AT January 1999, “Forest Service Timber Sale Environmental Analysis Requirements.”

40. Moreover: * “environmental assessments” were inadequate; and * “findings of no significant impact” were false. This report and hundreds of lawsuits documents that federal resource agencies routinely disobey environmental laws and their statutory obligations to enforce them.

41. Ecological Apocalypse? Yes -- but this begs the question of our class:

43. What is our responsibility in this kind of world? Do we have any duties to this world?