1. The Atlantic Slave Trade Ch. 20.3

2. Who financed Columbus's trip westward? Spain Which explorer realized that a “new world” had been discovered? Amerigo Vespucci How did the Spanish and Portuguese treat the Natives? Badly- overworked them A Catholic priest criticized the encomienda system. What was the encomienda system? Harsh labor system for Native Americans What did the priest suggest they use instead of Native Americans? African Slaves

3. Demand for Labor Sugar and tobacco farms required a large supply of workers. Europeans planned to use Native Americans as cheap labor, but many died from disease and warfare. Europeans in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America soon turned to Africa for workers.

4. Indian population decline Tribe : Illinois

5. African Slavery African slavery began during the 7 th century with the rise of Islam. Slavery was justified with the belief that non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold as slaves. Between 650 and 1600, 4.8 million Africans (mostly prisoners and criminals) were bought and sold as slaves. Later it became anyone they could capture.

6. Slaves had some mobility In most African and Muslim lands, slaves had some legal rights and opportunities for advancement. Some slaves occupied positions of power. –Served as generals in the army –Bought large estates and owned slaves of their own –Marry into the family they served and earn freedom Slavery was NOT hereditary. Sons and daughters born to slaves were considered free persons.

7. Exploration of Africa The first explorers were the Portuguese during the 1400s. At first, the Portuguese were more interested in finding gold, but that changed with the colonization of the Americas.

8. European colonists forced the Native Americans to work in mines and plantations. As the Natives began dying from disease and warfare, the Europeans became desperate for workers.

9. Indian slaves working the fields

10. Native American Small Pox Epidemic

11. Native American drawing of smallpox Native American populations were decimated. More than 1/3 of the total Native American population died from smallpox, measles or other European disease.

12. Advantages of using Africans Many Africans had already been exposed to European disease and built up immunity to them. Africans had experience in farming. Africans had no familiar tribes in which to hide so they were less likely to escape.

13. Massive Enterprise of Slavery Between 1500-1600 nearly 300,000 Africans were transported to the Americas. Over the next 100 years, over 1.5 million more Africans were enslaved. By the time, the Slave Trade ended 300 years later, nearly 10 million Africans had been sold into slavery.

14. Slaves in Africa waiting for transportation

15. Notice that the artist tries to ‘dehumanize’ the captives by not showing their faces.

16. As early as 1511, slaves were working in the copper mines on Hispaniola. By 1650, nearly 300,000 Africans worked throughout Spanish America on plantations and in gold and silver mines. This does not count the African slaves that the English settlers imported to America.

18. Brazil The Portuguese imported slaves to Brazil to work on the sugar plantations. The demand for sugar in Europe was high, so more and more sugar plantations were created in Brazil. During the 17 th century, 40% of all slaves were being bought by Brazilian sugar plantation owners. Brazil received 3.6 million more slaves than North America.

19. Sugar Cane Plantation 1850

20. Ledger of Sugar Shipments

21. Sugar Plantation, Caribbean 1823

22. Working in sugar cane fields

23. Caribbean Slaves existed throughout the Caribbean as well. Worked on sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations in French, Dutch, and English colonies.

24. England England came to dominate the Atlantic Slave Trade from 1609-1807. During that time, the English transported 1.7 million Africans to their colonies in the West Indies. (The West Indies is the same place as the the Caribbean.) In all, nearly 400,000 Africans were imported to Great Britain's North American colonies. Once in North America, slave population steadily grew due. By 1830, the US had 2 million slaves.

25. Many African leaders had already been involved in selling slaves to Muslims and other African groups. They saw little difference in selling to the Portuguese, Spaniards, and English.

26. Rather than travel inland, slave traders waited in port cities along the western and eastern coasts of Africa. African merchants, captured Africans to sell into slavery. They traded them for gold, guns, and other goods.

27. King Nzinga Mbemba of Africa, originally participated in the slave trade. Later he realized the devastating effect on African societies. “Merchants are taking every day our natives, sons of the land and the sons of our noblemen and vassals and our relatives…our country is being completely depopulated…”

28. Triangular Trade Traders left from Europe with a ship loaded with goods to Africa. Traders exchanged these goods for captured Africans. Africans were then transported across the Atlantic Ocean and sold in the West Indies. Merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco to sell in Europe.

30. Another triangular trade route Merchants carried rum and other goods from the New England colonies to Africa. They exchanged merchandise for Africans. The traders took the slaves to the West Indies and sold them for sugar and molasses. Then they sold these goods to rum producers in New England.

32. Various other triangular trade routes existed The Triangular trade route encompassed a network of trade routes criss-crossing the Northern and Southern colonies, the West Indies, England, Europe, and Africa. The network carried a variety of traded goods. –Furs, fruit, tar, tobacco –Millions of African people

34. The Middle Passage The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America was known as the Middle Passage. This was a difficult journey, characterized by cruelty, sickness, and death.

36. Travel Conditions Europeans crammed as many slaves as they could fit into the slave ships. Africans were whipped and beaten by merchants. Diseases swept through the vessel. The smell of blood, sweat, and excrement filled the vessel. Captives were surrounded by vomit and human waste.

40. Olaudah Equiano An 11 yr old African sold into slavery made this voyage known as the Middle Passage. –“…with the loathsome of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat…”

41. –“…The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome....The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died -- thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers.”

42. The Middle Passage Amistad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nePOp kYwjYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nePOp kYwjY

43. Death Many Africans died aboard the slave ships from disease or cruel treatment from merchants. Many committed suicide by jumping into the ocean, rather than be enslaved. 20% of Africans aboard each slave ships died during the brutal trip to the Americas. The voyage typically lasted 3-4 months. Many times, there would be more than 600 slaves on the ship.

44. Excerpt from the poem, The Sea is History, by Derek Walcott “Where are your monuments, your battles, martyrs? Where is your tribal memory? Sirs, in that gray vault. The sea. The sea has locked them up. The sea is History.” Why is the ‘sea’ history?

45. So many people died during the middle passage and were thrown into the sea. The sea has been personified in this verse as the ‘holder’ of African history. Where is the history of the people? It died with them in the sea. Where is their heritage and culture? It is dead in the sea. When slaves died during the middle passage, their histories died with them.

46. Slavery in the Americas Africans who survived the voyage entered a life of bondage. Africans were auctioned off to the highest bidders. A British minister who visited the slave market in Brazil said “When a customer comes in, the slaves are turned before him; such as wishes are handled by the purchaser in different parts, exactly as I have seen butchers feeling a calf.”

47. Brazilian slave market

48. Slave market 1820 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

49. Mercado Modelo Salvador (Savior), Bahia, Brazil was the first place to establish a slave market. The actual slave trading went on underneath this market. You can visit the actual slave market today in the center of Salvador in an area called ‘Pelourinho’ (which means whipping post)

50. Bahia, Salvador, Brazil The actual slave ships, called ‘slavers’ entered in tunnels and canals to these slave trading markets. After slave trading became illegal, many slaves were secretly smuggled in through these tunnels beneath the city.

54. American Colonial Slave Market

56. Slaves worked in mines, fields, or as domestic servants. Worked long days on little food and suffered whippings and beatings. Slavery was a lifelong condition as well as a hereditary one.

59. Many Africans kept their heritage alive through songs and stories. Sometimes they rebelled by breaking hoes, uprooting plants, or working slowly. Thousands of slaves ran away. Some revolted.

60. Excerpts from Negro Spiritual “Slavery Chain” 1865 Slavery chain done broke at last, broke at last, broke at last, Slavery chain done broke at last, Going to praise God till I die I did know my Jesus heard me, 'Cause de spirit spoke to me And said, 'Rise my child, your chillun, And you shall be free.

61. Brazilian Capoeira Form of mixed martial arts/dance style that originated from Brazilian slaves. They mixed the fighting styles of various tribes. The slaves disguised their fight training as dances, which became known as Capoeira.

62. Brazilian Capoeira

64. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8xxgF pK-NMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8xxgF pK-NM

65. Slave revolt in Hispaniola As early as 1522 about 20 slaves on Hispaniola attacked and killed several Spanish colonists. In Colombia, enslaved Africans destroyed the town of Santa Maria in 1530. In 1739, a group of slaves in South Carolina led an uprising called the Stono Rebellion. –They killed several colonists and engaged in battle with the local militia. –Many slaves died during the fighting. –Those who were captured were executed.

66. Stono Rebellion is also called Nat Turner’s rebellion. It occurred near the Stono River. 60 whites were killed. Nat Turner, the leader of the rebellion, was executed. It was the largest pre- civil war slave rebellion.

67. Nathaniel (Nat) Turner

68. Effects In Africa, numerous cultures lost generations of their young to slave traders. Families were torn apart. The slave trade also brought guns to Africa. Warfare began spread throughout Africa as kings tried to conquer new territories with these new weapons.

69. Slaves worked endlessly in the Americas. Slaves contributed greatly to the economic and cultural development of the Americas. Without their back-breaking work, many colonies would not have survived. Also brought their expertise in agriculture, especially in rice growing techniques. They also brought art, music, and food.

70. Assignment: Write out these questions to answer about the following political cartoons 1. Identify the cartoon caption or title (create on if there isn’t) 2. List the objects or people you see in the cartoon 3. List 3 adjectives that describe the emotions portrayed in the cartoon 4. Explain the message of the cartoon

71. (A) (B)

72. Assignment Create a 4-6 box cartoon about the Atlantic slave trade experience A cartoon is not always funny- in this case, it will be an illustration of any experience of the slave trade