1. Aggregate Supply & Demand
Introduction & Determinants

2. Aggregate Demand Curve
(Inverse) Relationship between price level & quantity of aggregate output demanded for the economy as a whole
Aggregate Price Level (measured with GDP deflator)
Total quantity of domestic goods & services demanded (= real GDP)

3. Reasons for Downward Slope
Interest Rate Effect – To get what they want during periods of rising prices, households and firms borrow money or sell assets. This drives up interest rates, reducing investment and consumer spending.
Wealth Effect – A rise in aggregate price level results in a fall in purchasing power and a reduction in consumption.
Net Export Effect – As price levels rise, foreign goods become relatively cheaper and demand for imports rises (while demand for exports falls).

4. Why the Law of Demand DOESN’T apply
The Law of Demand assumes ceteris paribus, including the assumption that all other goods remain equal – and it is therefore not applicable to the economy as a whole.
Movement up and down the AD curve represents simultaneous change in prices of all final goods and services. This is why the interest rate, wealth, and net export effects provide a better explanation.

5. Shifts of AD Curve
Changes in AD as a result of price level changes are movements along the curve
Shifts occur when the quantity demanded at a given price level changes – increase to the right, decrease to the left.

6. Determinants of AD Shifts occur because of:
Changes in Expectations – future income
Changes in Wealth – value of assets
Size of Existing Stock – incentive for firms
Fiscal Policy – control of demand through government spending and tax policies
Monetary Policy – use of quantity of money and interest rates to stabilize the economy

7. Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
Shape of the Curve
Two situations result in SRAS curves with no slope:
Horizontal SRAS curve results from set price level or high unemployment (making wages flexible)
Vertical SRAS curve represents full employment and utilization of resources – so prices can rise, but production cannot.

8. Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
In reality, the curve is normally an upward sloping line as a result of production decisions being based on profitability and the inflexibility of costs in the short-run.
In a perfectly competitive market, when price levels change but costs don’t, the change in profit margin determines quantity produced
In an imperfectly competitive market, producers raise prices and production at times of high demand – and cut prices and production when demand falls

9. Shifts of SRAS Curve
Changes in aggregate output in response to price level is movement along the curve
Shifts represent changes in the quantity of aggregate output producers are willing to supply at a given aggregate price level – increase to the right, decrease to the left.

10. Determinants of SRAS
Shifts occur because changes impact per unit cost, like:
Changes in Commodity Prices
Changes in Nominal Wages – Economy-wide
Changes in Productivity

11. SRAS Scenarios Price Level – Price Level – Price Level –
Real GDP – Real GDP – Real GDP –

12. Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
In the long-run, all production costs are flexible. Therefore, in the long run, aggregate price level has no effect on quantity supplied. YP

13. Potential Output
The horizontal intercept represents an economy’s potential output – the level of production if all prices were fully flexible.
Actual output fluctuates around YP from year to year.

14. Shifts in LRAS Curve
Growth in potential output over time is the result of rightward shifts of the LRAS curve as a result of:
Increases in quantity of resources
Increases in quality of resources
Improvements in technology

15. SRAS to LRAS
Economy is always at a point (PL & real GDP) on the SRAS curve.
If that point is not also on the LRAS curve, the SRAS curve will shift until it is.
Let’s look at two scenarios…