1. ELEC 4600 RADAR & NAVIGATION
Lecturer: R. Edwards

2. COURSE OUTLINE

3. RADAR & NAVIGATION Engineering is Applied Science
Many areas of science and mathematics are applied to solve the problems associated with Radar and Navigation

4. RADAR & NAVIGATION Some examples are: Antennas RF circuit design
Plane geometry
Spherical geometry
Probability and statistics
DSP – discrete-time signal processing
Orbital mechanics
Matrix algebra

5. NAVIGATION
The first half of the course will cover NAVIGATION, in particular,
aircraft navigation

6. NAVIGATION
The science of determining the position of a vehicle relative to the position of its destination

7. NAVIGATION Course Outline (1)
Basic Information
Units and Conventions
Lines of Position and Position Fixes – Geometry
Requirement for air navigation systems
Relative Navigation Systems
NDB/ADF (Non-Directional Beacon/Automatic Direction Finder)
VOR (VHF Omnirange)
TACAN
DME

8. NAVIGATION Course Outline (2)
Absolute Navigation Systems
Multi-DME
LORAN-C
GPS
INS
Navigation Fundamentals
Position Fix Transformations
Dead-Reckoning Calculations
Most Probable Position Calculations
Course Line Computations

9. Organizational Framework (The players in the game)
Navigation
Organizational Framework
(The players in the game)
International – ICAO
National – FAA/Nav Canada, Transport Canada/CAA
Industry – ARINC/RTCA

10. International ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
An organization of the United Nations
Responsible for recommending standards for civil aviation systems and procedures
(SARPs STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES)
NOTE: Responsibility for implementation rests with individual countries.
Countries may elect not to follow recommended procedures and if they do so will file an exception

11. National USA - FAA Canada – Transport Canada and Nav Canada
Transport Canada (government)
Develops and Enforces Rules and Regulations
Nav Canada (not-for profit)
Installs/maintains navigation aids and air traffic radars
Operates air traffic control system

12. Industry ARINC (Aeronautical Radio Incorporated)
Develops standards for interchangeability of avionics equipment
Equipment chassis, mounting racks and and connectors (ATR
Digital Data bus standards (ARINC 429, 469)

13. Industry RTCA (Radio Technical Committee for Aeronautics)
Made up of representatives from avionics and airline industries and government agencies
Develops functional specifications for avionics equipment
NOTE: FAA usually uses RTCA documents form basis of certification of equipment

14. NAVIGATION Units and Conventions
Distance: Nautical Mile (NM) = 1832m exactly
Speed: Knot (kt) – 1 NM/hour
Angle: degrees measured Clockwise from North and is always expressed as three digits e.g. 090, Note: zero is pronounced zero

15. North Two main North references:
True (T) : the geographical North Pole (the point at which the earth’s spin axis intersects the earth’s surface in the Northern hemisphere)
Magnetic (M) : the North magnetic pole
VARIATION is the difference between True and Magnetic North
Variation is plotted on most maps so it is fairly easy to determine True North
Also there are algorithms which compute variation if rough position is known

16. North Conversion from Magnetic to True and Vice Versa
Variation is usually given as West or East depending on whether the Magnetic Pole appears to be West or East of the True Pole
East Variation is considered positive (+)
True direction = Magnetic direction + Variation

17. Magnetic and True North
14
VARIATION

18. Pole Migration

19. Units and Conventions (Continued)
Heading: The angle between the longitudinal axis of a vehicle and the North reference (can be either Magnetic or True)
Relative Bearing: The angle between the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and a line joining the vehicle and the point in question

20. Units and Conventions

21. Navigation
Lines of Position

22. Navigation
Position Fix

23. Navigation
Position Fix Geometry

24. Requirements for an Air Navigation System
Accuracy(Allowable Error)
Integrity
Availability
Continuity
These all depend on the phase of flight

25. Phases of Flight Enroute – least restrictive
Usually at cruising altitude - no obstacles stable situation, no conflicting traffic
Terminal Area – more restrictive
Lower altitude – possible obstacles less stable situation, probable conflicting traffic
Approach and Landing – most restrictive
Very low altitude – obstacles present
on collision course with the ground - must make sure it is the runway!!

26. Accuracy Two main types of ERROR
Flight Technical Error The difference between the actual position of the aircraft and the
System Error

27. Requirements for Accuracy (95%)
Enroute
12.4NM (Oceanic), 2.0 NM (Continental)
Terminal Area
0.4 NM
Landing
Category I (Limits of 200Ft ceiling and ½ NM visibility)
16. m laterally and 8 m vertically

28. Integrity
The ability of the system to warn the pilot when an out-of-tolerance condition is detected
Enroute
5 minutes
Terminal Area
30 seconds
Landing
Category I - 6 seconds
Category II and III – 1 second

29. Availability The probability that the required navigation is usable
All Modes
.99 to

30. Continuity
The probability that the required navigation is available for the duration of a procedure once the procedure has been started
Enroute/Terminal
10-5/hr
Landing
10-6/15sec (Cat I)