1. ROMANTICISM (1800 – 1870) The American Renaissance

2. Definition of Romanticism
Demonstration of a high level of moral enthusiasm
A commitment to individualism and the unfolding of the self
An emphasis on intuitive perception
The assumption that the natural world was inherently good, while human society was filled with corruption.

3. Definition of Romanticism
It is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world.

4. Definition of Romanticism
Embraced the individual and rebelled against the confinement of neoclassicism and religious tradition.
Novels, short stories, and poems replaced the sermons and manifestos of yore.
Was personal, intense, and portrayed more emotion than ever seen in neoclassical literature.
Freedom became a great source of motivation. Free to express emotion without fear of ridicule and controversy.

5. Characteristics of Romantics
Explored what it meant to be an American (artist)
Looked at American government and political problems
The problems of war and Black slavery
Emerging materialism and conformity
Influence of immigration, new customs and traditions
Sexuality; relationships between men and women
The power of nature
Individualism, emphasis on destructive effect of society on individual
Idealism
Spontaneity in thought and action
Not an optimistic vision of America; pictures of human frailty, weakness, limitation

6. Characteristics of Romantics
Writers spoke not directly but obliquely, ambiguously
Christianity a valuable source of symbols
Stories built around dreams
Stories of emblematic pilgrimages or journeys
Hero seems to represent a general type of person
Belief that evil is merely the absence of good
Through the symbolism of writing, portrayal of the reality beyond what’s visible, thus putting into practice the central notion of Transcendental thought.
Critique of formalized church, faith must come from within

7. Transcendentalism

8. Definition of Transcendentalism
Textbook defines it as: “A group of writers, artists, and reformers who flourished in the 1830s and 1840s, the individual was at the center of the universe, more powerful than any institution, whether political or religious.” Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered the “founder” of this literary movement.

9. Definition of Transcendentalism
A generation of well educated people who lived in the decades before the American Civil War and the national division that it both reflected and helped to create. These people were attempting to create a uniquely American body of literature. It was already decades since the Americans had won independence from England. Now, these people believed, it was time for literary independence. And so they deliberately went about creating literature, essays, novels, philosophy, poetry, and other writing that were clearly different from anything from England, France, Germany, or any other European nation.

10. Definition of Transcendentalism
In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson:
"We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men.“

11. Characteristics of Transcendentalism
Basically religious, emphasized role and importance of individual conscience and value of intuition in matters of moral guidance and inspiration. Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Fuller. Critical of formalized religion.
All constructive practical activity, great literature viewed as an expression of the divine spirit.
An ambition to achieve vivid perception of the divine as it operates in common life which would lead to personal cultivation
Insistence on authority of individual conscience
A trust in the individual, democracy, possibility of continued change for the better
A need to see beyond what is before our eyes, to see a deeper significance, a transcendent reality
Intellectual eclecticism; a vague conception of the God-like nature of human spirit
Nature conceived of not as a machine but as an organism, symbol and analogue of the mind
Spontaneous activity of the creative artist seen as the highest achievement

12. Transcendentalism
Overall gist: The Transcendental philosophy is one that requires one to transcend above normal thinking to a higher state of consciousness.

13. Anti-Transcendentalism

14. Anti-Transcendentalism
a small philosophical movement predominantly consisting of only two writers, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville.
Hawthorne and Melville are considered two of the great fiction writer of their time and together they stood up in opposition to what they felt was impractical perspective.

15. Anti-Transcendentalism
Anti-Transcendentalists have important elements that are generally agreed on:
man is born with the stain of the original sin,
man is the most destructive force in nature,
one can only find God through good works and life experience,
There are no universal truths just individual truths.

16. GOTHIC ROMANCE

17. Definition of Gothic Romance
Writers looked at the individual and saw potential evil
Deals with desolate and mysterious and grotesque events
Individuals are prone to sin and self-destruction and the natural world is dark and decaying.
Rebelled against the philosophy that man is basically good.
Evil is a powerful force in the world.

18. Characteristics of Gothic Romance
More interest in action than in the development of character
Action often fantastic, allegorical, interest in the supernatural, terror, madness
Characters have mysterious origins; tend to be ideal, exaggerated, more types
Suspense and mystery involving fantastic and supernatural, interest in light and shade
Interest in evil, its origins
Descriptions of various mental states often verging on the abnormal

19. Writers of Romantic Period
Prose:
Washington Irving (1783 – 1859)
James Fennimore Cooper (1789 – 1851)
William Cullen Bryant (1794 – 1878)
 Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 – 1882)
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 – 1864)
Margaret Fuller (1810 – 1850)
Henry David Thoreau 1817 –1862)
 Herman Melville (1819 – 1891)
Harriet Beecher Stowe ( )
Louisa May Alcott (1832 – 1888)
Poetry:
“The Boston Brahmins”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
                                              (1807–1882)
Oliver Wendell Holmes  (1809 – 1894)
James Russell Lowell  (1819 – 1891)
Walt Whitman (1819 – 1892)
Emily Dickinson   (1830 – 1886)

20. Historical Events 1812 – War with England 1815-50 – Westward Expansion
– Mexican War
1849 – California gold rush
– Civil War
Gettysburg Address

21. PUBLICATIONS Emerson, Nature (1836) Poe, The Raven (1845)
Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter (1850)
Melville, Moby Dick (1851)
Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Thoreau, Walden (1854)
Whitman, Leaves of Grass (1855)