1. Chapter 9 Aquatic Resources, Uses, and Management

2. The Importance of Water All living things need water All living things need water You are about 60% water by weight You are about 60% water by weight What do we use water for? What do we use water for?

3. Water on Earth About 97% Earth’s water is salty About 97% Earth’s water is salty Fresh water is distributed unevenly Fresh water is distributed unevenly 2025: 1/3 human population will live in areas lacking fresh water 2025: 1/3 human population will live in areas lacking fresh water What can be done about this? What can be done about this? Water is continuously cycling through the environment Water is continuously cycling through the environment

4. Hydrologic Cycle OceanAtmosphereLandOcean

5. Surface Water Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, wetlands Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, wetlands Runoff replenishes surface water Runoff replenishes surface water Watershed Watershed Area of land drained by a single river Area of land drained by a single river Drainage basin Drainage basin

6. Groundwater Supply of fresh water found under Earth’s surface Supply of fresh water found under Earth’s surface Stored in underground aquifers Stored in underground aquifers Discharged into rivers, springs, etc… Discharged into rivers, springs, etc… Usually considered nonrenewable Usually considered nonrenewable Canada’s Watersheds

7. Properties of Water Molecules of water Molecules of water 2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen 2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen H 2 O H 2 O Polar Polar One end slightly positive One end slightly positive One end slightly negative One end slightly negative Appears “bent” Appears “bent”

8. Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds Result of water’s polarity Result of water’s polarity Basis for many of water’s properties Basis for many of water’s properties High heat capacity High heat capacity Moderates climate Moderates climate Universal solvent Universal solvent Properties of Water

9. Water Resource Problems Too much water Too much water Too little water Too little water Poor-quality water Poor-quality water

10. Flooding River’s discharge can’t be contained River’s discharge can’t be contained Floods more disastrous today: why? Floods more disastrous today: why? What can be done? What can be done?

11. Too Little Water Arid & semiarid lands Arid & semiarid lands Irrigation Irrigation Needed to produce food Needed to produce food Greatest use of water (71%) Greatest use of water (71%)

12. Aquifer Depletion Removing groundwater faster than it is replenished Removing groundwater faster than it is replenished Lowers water table Lowers water table Land subsidence Land subsidence Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intrusion Salt water seeps into fresh water Salt water seeps into fresh water Coastal areas Coastal areas

13. Overdrawing Surface Waters Damaging to ecosystems Damaging to ecosystems Wetlands dry up Wetlands dry up Estuaries become too salty Estuaries become too salty Why are we removing so much water? Why are we removing so much water? Availability of surface waters may be a serious regional problem Availability of surface waters may be a serious regional problem

14. The Fraser River Profound changes in hydrology Profound changes in hydrology Average resident in Kamloops consumes 800 liters of water/day Average resident in Kamloops consumes 800 liters of water/day Impacts of climate change Impacts of climate change Less snow Less snow River peaking River peakingearlier Water quantity Water quantityreduced

15. Salinization Salt accumulates in soil Salt accumulates in soil Result of irrigation: why? Result of irrigation: why? Can hurt productivity Can hurt productivity May render soils unfit for production May render soils unfit for production How can problem be solved/helped? How can problem be solved/helped?

16. Water Pollution Physical or chemical change in water that adversely affects the health of humans or other organisms Physical or chemical change in water that adversely affects the health of humans or other organisms Global problem Global problem Eight different Eight different categories categories

17. Types of Water Pollution Sediment pollution Sediment pollution Sewage and waste water Sewage and waste water Fecal coliform and other disease-causing agents Fecal coliform and other disease-causing agents Eutrophication Eutrophication Organic compounds Organic compounds Inorganic chemicals Inorganic chemicals Radioactive substances Radioactive substances Thermal pollution Thermal pollution

18. Sediment Pollution Water and wind cause erosion Water and wind cause erosion Slit, clay and sand are transported into waterways Slit, clay and sand are transported into waterways Changes physical features, water flow, and water depth Changes physical features, water flow, and water depth Alters concentrations of dissolved substances in water Alters concentrations of dissolved substances in water Increases turbidity, less sunlight penetrates Increases turbidity, less sunlight penetrates

19. Sediment Pollution

20. Sewage Wastewater from drains & sewers Wastewater from drains & sewers Wastes, soaps, detergents, etc… Wastes, soaps, detergents, etc… May cause disease May cause disease Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Oxygen needed for microorganisms to decompose waste Oxygen needed for microorganisms to decompose waste Lots of sewage = high BOD = less oxygen available Lots of sewage = high BOD = less oxygen available

21. Enrichment of a body of water Enrichment of a body of water Eutrophic lake Eutrophic lake Increase of nutrients Increase of nutrients Cloudy water Cloudy water Oligotrophic lake Oligotrophic lake Fewer nutrients Fewer nutrients Clear water Clear water Artificial eutrophication: Artificial eutrophication:causes? Eutrophication

22. Eutrophic & Oligotrophic Lakes

23. Research conducted in northwest Ontario Research conducted in northwest Ontario Two basins separated by curtain Two basins separated by curtain One side control, other side is exposed to nutrient loads One side control, other side is exposed to nutrient loads Natural lake experiment Natural lake experiment Exposes the dynamics of eutrophication Exposes the dynamics of eutrophication Winter fish kill, why? Winter fish kill, why? Experimental Lakes Eutrophication Experiment

24. Sources of Water Pollution Natural sources Natural sources Human-generated Human-generated Point source: specific source Point source: specific source Nonpoint source Nonpoint source Polluted runoff Polluted runoff Enters over a Enters over a large area large area

25. Nonpoint Source Pollution Agriculture Agriculture 72% of water pollution 72% of water pollution Fertilizers, pesticides, manure Fertilizers, pesticides, manure Soil erosion Soil erosion Urban runoff Urban runoff Variety of Variety of contaminants contaminants

26. Upland and Riparian Buffer Zones Buffer zones supply natural “filters” Buffer zones supply natural “filters” Slow water runoff Slow water runoff Water pollutants inflitrate into the ground Water pollutants inflitrate into the ground Pollutants are taken up by plants or decomposed by soil Pollutants are taken up by plants or decomposed by soil Controls erosion Controls erosion Removes excess nutrients Removes excess nutrients Protects fish and spawning habitat Protects fish and spawning habitat

27. Groundwater Pollution Even confined aquifers can become contaminated Even confined aquifers can become contaminated Most North American groundwater is safe Most North American groundwater is safe Sources of pollution? Sources of pollution? Cleanup is costly! Cleanup is costly!

28. Global Water Issues Problems becoming more serious Problems becoming more serious By 2030, UN warns almost ½ of the world’s population will have water scarcity issues By 2030, UN warns almost ½ of the world’s population will have water scarcity issues Many people lack safe drinking water and sewage systems Many people lack safe drinking water and sewage systems Mexico City facing serious shortages Mexico City facing serious shortages Less water will be available in the future: why? Less water will be available in the future: why?

29. Sharing Water Resources 1950s: Soviet Union diverts water for irrigation 1950s: Soviet Union diverts water for irrigation Aral Sea shrinks Aral Sea shrinks 1991: Soviet Union breaks up 1991: Soviet Union breaks up 5 countries working 5 countries working to help Aral Sea to help Aral Sea

30. Water Management Goal: sustainable supply of high quality water Goal: sustainable supply of high quality water How do we supply water? How do we supply water? Building dams Building dams Diversion Diversion Desalination Desalination Conservation Conservation

31. Columbia River Fourth largest in N. America Fourth largest in N. America More than 100 dams More than 100 dams Water used for Water used for Electrical generation Electrical generation Irrigation Irrigation Industry & households Industry & households

32. Benefits Benefits Generate electricity Generate electricity Flood control Flood control Provide water Provide water Problem Problem Bad for salmon Bad for salmon What should be done? What should be done? Columbia River Dams

33. Water Conservation: Agriculture Canada and US are top two users of water worldwide Canada and US are top two users of water worldwide Canadians use close to 200 liters water/day Canadians use close to 200 liters water/day Three common rules: Three common rules: Reduce Reduce Retrofit Retrofit Repair Repair What is a water footprint? What is a water footprint?

34. Global Water Footprint

35. Water Conservation: Agriculture Much lost to evaporation or seepage Much lost to evaporation or seepage Solution: microirrigation Solution: microirrigation Perforated pipes distribute water Perforated pipes distribute water Goes straight to plants Goes straight to plants Reduces water use Reduces water use 40-60% 40-60% Problem? Problem?

36. Water Conservation: Industry In US, five industries consume 90% industrial water In US, five industries consume 90% industrial water Strict pollution control Strict pollution control laws have helped Many industries capture, Many industries capture, purify and reuse water purify and reuse water U. S. Steel recycles U. S. Steel recycles ~ 2/3 of its water ~ 2/3 of its water

37. Water Conservation: Municipal Use gray water Use gray water Education Education Water-saving fixtures Water-saving fixtures Repair leaks Repair leaks Other ideas? Other ideas?

38. Toilet to Tap California effort to reduce surface water California effort to reduce surface water Waste water is treated: Waste water is treated: Microfiltration Microfiltration Reverse osmosis Reverse osmosis Ultraviolet light Ultraviolet light Hydrogen peroxide disinfection Hydrogen peroxide disinfection Converts sewage water into drinking water Converts sewage water into drinking water

39. Improving Water Quality Contaminants are removed Contaminants are removed Drinking water purification Drinking water purification Treat with chemical coagulant Treat with chemical coagulant Suspended particles settle out Suspended particles settle out Filter water through sand Filter water through sand Disinfect Disinfect

40. Improving Water Quality Municipal sewage treatment Municipal sewage treatment Primary treatment: remove suspended & floating particles Primary treatment: remove suspended & floating particles Secondary treatment: decompose suspended organics Secondary treatment: decompose suspended organics Tertiary treatment: dissolved substances Tertiary treatment: dissolved substances Sludge must be managed Sludge must be managed

41. Municipal Sewage Treatment

42. Winnipeg, Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Separate sewers in newer suburbs Separate sewers in newer suburbs Sanitary sewage goes to sewage treatment plant while stormwater is collected in stormwater retention ponds Sanitary sewage goes to sewage treatment plant while stormwater is collected in stormwater retention ponds Benefits? Disadvantages? Benefits? Disadvantages? Municipal Sewage Treatment

43. Engineered wetlands Engineered wetlands What are the benefits? What are the benefits? Native Plant Solutions

44. Arcata, California Arcata, California Constructed wetlands that aid Constructed wetlands that aid in treatment in treatment Marshes absorb Marshes absorb contaminants contaminants Provides wildlife Provides wildlife habitat habitat Municipal Sewage Treatment

45. Controlling Water Pollution Constitution Act, 1867 Constitution Act, 1867 CCME develops guidelines CCME develops guidelines New guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality New guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality Canada Water Act, 1970 Canada Water Act, 1970 The Fisheries Act, 1868 The Fisheries Act, 1868 DFO, aimed at protecting fish and fish habitat DFO, aimed at protecting fish and fish habitat

46. Preventing Water Pollution At Home

47. The Global Ocean Covers 3/4 of Earth’s surface Covers 3/4 of Earth’s surface Four sections: what are they? Four sections: what are they? Vast wilderness Vast wilderness Essential to hydrologic cycle; why? Essential to hydrologic cycle; why?

48. Patterns of Circulation Mass movements of surface water Mass movements of surface water Currents: prevailing winds blowing over the ocean Currents: prevailing winds blowing over the ocean Gyres: large, circular currents Gyres: large, circular currents Coriolis effect influences Coriolis effect influences Clockwise in N. Hemisphere Clockwise in N. Hemisphere Counterclockwise in S. Hemisphere Counterclockwise in S. Hemisphere

49. Surface Ocean Currents

50. Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Strongly linked to each other Strongly linked to each other El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Affects climate Affects climate Warm water expansion Warm water expansion Lasts 1-2 years Lasts 1-2 years

51. ENSO and Climate

52. ENSO Devastates S. American fisheries Devastates S. American fisheries Less upwelling of nutrient-rich water Less upwelling of nutrient-rich water Some fish species decrease by 99%! Some fish species decrease by 99%!

53. ENSO and Air Currents Influence weather worldwide Influence weather worldwide 1997-98 strongest on record 1997-98 strongest on record Monitoring in the Pacific Ocean: Monitoring in the Pacific Ocean: 70 moored buoys 70 moored buoys

54. La Niña Cool surface water in eastern Pacific Ocean Cool surface water in eastern Pacific Ocean Strong westbound trade winds Strong westbound trade winds Often occurs after El Niño Often occurs after El Niño Affects weather worldwide Affects weather worldwide Difficult to predict Difficult to predict

55. Human Impacts on the Ocean How do we impact the ocean? How do we impact the ocean?

56. Pollution & Deteriorating Habitat The ocean is a dumping ground The ocean is a dumping ground Pollution from land Pollution from land Runoff in rivers Runoff in rivers Atmospheric contaminants Atmospheric contaminants

57. World Fisheries Ocean provides a lot of food Ocean provides a lot of food Many species are overfished Many species are overfished 1950: 19 million tons of fish 1950: 19 million tons of fish 2005: ~158 million tons of fish 2005: ~158 million tons of fish

58. Fishing Industry Challenges No nation owns the open water No nation owns the open water Ocean is overused Ocean is overused Tragedy of the Commons Tragedy of the Commons Some fisheries unusable Some fisheries unusable Bycatch must be reduced Bycatch must be reduced

59. Modern Commercial Fishing Methods

60. Aquaculture: Fish Farming Mariculture: marine fish farming Mariculture: marine fish farming More common in developing countries: why? More common in developing countries: why? Species concentrated Species concentrated in small area in small area Causing problems for Causing problems for wild species: how? wild species: how?

61. Shipping Ships dump oily ballast and other wastes Ships dump oily ballast and other wastes MARPOL bans marine pollution from shipping MARPOL bans marine pollution from shipping Six types of marine Six types of marine pollution pollution Not well enforced in Not well enforced in open ocean open ocean

62. Ocean Dumping Several Canadian cities dump sewage Several Canadian cities dump sewage Plastics are a real Plastics are a real problem: why? problem: why? Trash collects in Trash collects in certain areas certain areas

63. Coastal Development Many coastal areas highly over developed Many coastal areas highly over developed Habitat is destroyed Habitat is destroyed 3.8 billion people live 3.8 billion people live near a coastline near a coastline 3/4 of world population 3/4 of world population live within 93 miles of live within 93 miles of a coastline by 2025 a coastline by 2025

64. Impacts on Coral Reefs About ¼ of all reefs at high risk About ¼ of all reefs at high risk Silt smothers reefs Silt smothers reefs Overfishing, tourism Overfishing, tourism Warming  bleaching Warming  bleaching

65. Offshore Resource Extraction Manganese nodules on ocean floor Manganese nodules on ocean floor Too expensive now Too expensive now Getting cheaper Getting cheaper Who owns those Who owns those resources? resources? Offshore oil poses Offshore oil poses threats threats

66. Climate Change Could influence patterns of oceanic circulation Could influence patterns of oceanic circulation Rise in sea levels Rise in sea levels Oceans expected to become more acidic Oceans expected to become more acidic

67. Eco Canada Career Focus Consider a career as a Limnologist Consider a career as a Limnologist Study the physical, chemical and biological properties of waterways Study the physical, chemical and biological properties of waterways Play a key role in protecting fresh water resources Play a key role in protecting fresh water resources

68. Case Study: Saving Lake Winnipeg 10 th largest body of fresh water in the world 10 th largest body of fresh water in the world Over 5.5 million people live within the watershed Over 5.5 million people live within the watershed Nearly 20 million livestock raised there Nearly 20 million livestock raised there Commercial fishing, hydroelectric power, recreation and tourism, and downstream communities all place demands on the ecosystem Commercial fishing, hydroelectric power, recreation and tourism, and downstream communities all place demands on the ecosystem

69. Case Study: Saving Lake Winnipeg Huge loads of nitrogen and phosphorous are causing changes to the health of the lake Huge loads of nitrogen and phosphorous are causing changes to the health of the lake 70 years of study reveal the lake is approaching deterioration 70 years of study reveal the lake is approaching deterioration 2003, Lake Winnipeg Action Plan created committing to reduce nutrient loads 2003, Lake Winnipeg Action Plan created committing to reduce nutrient loads Collective effort needed to save the lake Collective effort needed to save the lake