1. OUR UNIVERSE Farmington Jr. High Mr. Pratt

2. QUIZ TOMORROW Here are a few things to know

3. ONLINE TEXTBOOK: CHAPTERS 28-30 The text goes over a number of details we will not cover, so use it as a resource to help understand the main ideas of this presentation.

4. TWO MAIN POINTS The Universe The big bang theory explains the formation of our universe. Estimated to be 13.7 B years old. Contains billions of galaxies with billions of stars in each of them. Evidence: redshifting, cosmic background radiation, EM spectra. The Solar System The nebular theory explains the formation of our solar system. Estimated to be 4.6 B years old. The Sun is the center of the solar system with surrounding planets. Evidence: gravity, motion, temperature, observation of other stars.

5. THE KNOWN UNIVERSE We can only study what we are able to observe. Our observable universe contains everything that we can receive information from, since the beginning of time.

6. THE BIG BANG Universe formed from unknown (nothing/energy) into EVERYTHING we now have. Began with simple sub-particles that eventually formed hydrogen. Gravity was the key ingredient that brought things together as the first bits of matter began to cool. As matter cooled, it slowed down enough to create the first hydrogen atoms.

7. THE BIG BANG REDSHIFT OF GALAXIES Edwin Hubble discovered the universe was expanding! The Doppler effect explains how waves appear shorter or longer if an object is moving toward or away from you. The EM light spectrum show more red with longer wavelengths, and galaxies moving away from us shift toward the red side. Most galaxies are redshifting!

8. THE BIG BANG COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION Two scientists using radio technology received “background radiation.” They cleaned and tested the equipment, trying to find an explanation. Eventually they concluded it was EM radiation constantly reaching Earth—in other words, it was the first waves ever emitted! Cosmic Background Radiation

9. THE BIG BANG COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION As the universe was cooling, the energy that was changing into matter stayed as matter, and began to emit EM waves. These were the first EM waves emitted and are still being emitted today… those hydrogen protons exist even now! The radiation they gave off 13.7 Bya is reaching us as cosmic background radiation!

10. OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

11. THE NEBULAR THEORY Our solar system was formed from a cloud of gas and dust that was sent spinning by some force. The spinning caused the cloud to flatten like a disk, then eventually the “dust” collided and collapsed due to gravity. A central star was born. The remaining dust eventually formed planets, moons, and asteroids. a)Dust & Gas b)Flattens due to spinning c)Gravity of Sun pulls in most matter d)Accretion disk forms e)Planetismals  Protoplanets  Planets form

12. THE NEBULAR THEORY PLANET FORMATION Inner Rocky Planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars At enough distance from the Sun for most solid metals and rocks to form. Made of matter from initial dust cloud (nebula material from previous stellar supernova). Made spherical over time. Outer Gas Giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Far enough from Sun that gases freeze or solidify. Less-dense gases accumulate around protoplanet, causing the mass to increase rapidly. Clear out LARGE orbits because of the large mass (greater gravity).